Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis: a consensus of the Belgian Bone Club

This consensus article reviews the various aspects of the non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis, including the effects of nutriments, physical exercise, lifestyle, fall prevention, and hip protectors. Vertebroplasty is also briefly reviewed. Non-pharmacological management of osteoporosis is a broad concept. It must be viewed as an essential part of the prevention of fractures from childhood through adulthood and the old age. The topic also includes surgical procedures for the treatment of peripheral and vertebral fractures and the post-fracture rehabilitation. The present document is the result of a consensus, based on a systematic review and a critical appraisal of the literature. Diets deficient in calcium, proteins or vitamin D impair skeletal integrity. The effect of other nutriments is less clear, although an excessive consumption of sodium, caffeine, or fibres exerts negative effects on calcium balance. The deleterious effects of tobacco, excessive alcohol consumption and a low BMI are well accepted. Physical activity is of primary importance to reach optimal peak bone mass but, if numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of various types of exercise on bone mass, fracture data as an endpoint are scanty. Fall prevention strategies are especially efficient in the community setting, but less evidence is available about their effectiveness in preventing fall-related injuries and fractures. The efficacy of hip protectors remains controversial. This is also true for vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. Several randomized controlled studies had reported a short-term advantage of vertebroplasty over medical treatment for pain relief, but these findings have been questioned by recent sham-controlled randomized clinical studies

Efeito do estímulo facilitador no limiar de reflexo acústico The facilitating stimulus effect in the acoustic reflex threshold

A sensibilização auditiva, ferramenta utilizada na pesquisa dos reflexos acústicos, permite a redução do limiar de reflexo acústico a partir de um estímulo facilitador. Ele pode ser apresentado antes ou simultaneamente ao tom eliciador do reflexo acústico. São comparados os limiares pré e pós-exposição ao estímulo, esperando-se obter a redução do limiar. A partir do estudo dos reflexos acústicos é possível obter maiores informações a respeito das vias auditivas, como estruturas do tronco encefálico, visto que o arco reflexo está relacionado a núcleos auditivos nessa região. Eles também estão envolvidos no processamento auditivo. Assim, alterações do reflexo acústico poderiam estar relacionadas a falhas em habilidades de processamento auditivo. OBJETIVO: Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de estudar a sensibilização do reflexo acústico a partir de um estímulo facilitador de 6 KHz. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Estudo clínico com coorte transversal. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: jovens mulheres com idade entre 20 e 25 anos, sem queixas audiológicas e limiares auditivos dentro dos limites da normalidade. RESULTADOS:Foi encontrada redução significativa do limiar de reflexo acústico entre 6,71 e 17,23 dB nas orelhas em que houve a sensibilização. CONCLUSÃO: A apresentação simultânea de um estímulo facilitador de alta freqüência gera redução do limiar de reflexo acústico em pessoas com audição dentro dos limites da normalidade.<br>The auditory sensitization, a tool used in the research of the acoustic reflex, allows the decrease of the acoustic reflex threshold from a facilitating stimulus. It may be presented before or simultaneously at the elicitor tone. The thresholds after and before the facilitating stimulus are compared and it is expected to get the decrease of the threshold. From the study of the acoustic reflex it is possible to get much information about the auditory pathways, like structures of the brainstem, since the acoustic reflex pathway is related to the auditory nuclei in this site. They are also involved in the auditory processing. Thus, alterations of the acoustic reflex could be reported to deficits in auditory processing abilities. AIM: This study aims to research the acoustic reflex sensitization from a high-frequency facilitating tone (6 KHz) STUDY DESIGN: Clinical study with transversal cohort. MATERIAL AND METHOD: normal hearing young women. RESULTS:The acoustic reflex threshold decreased between 6,71 and 17,23 dB in the ears that presented sensitization. CONCLUSION: A high-frequency facilitating tone presented simultaneously produces a decrease of the acoustic reflex threshold in normal hearing people