An In-line Clean System For The Solid-phase Extraction Of Emerging Contaminants In Natural Waters [sistema Limpo Em Linha Para Extração Em Fase Sólida De Contaminantes Emergentes Em águas Naturais]

A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.331216219Luque De Castro, M.D., Da Silva, M.P., (1997) Trends Anal. Chem., 16, p. 16Dean, J.R., Xiong, G., (2000) Trends Anal. Chem., 19, p. 553Priego-Capote, F., Luque De Castro, M.D., (2004) Trends Anal. Chem., 23, p. 644Zougagh, M., Valcárcel, M., Rios, A., (2004) Trends Anal. Chem., 23, p. 399Ramos, L., Ramos, J.J., Brinkman, U.A.Th., (2005) Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 381, p. 119Ellis, S.G., Booij, K., Kaputa, M., (2008) Chemosphere, 72, p. 1112Krug, F.J., (2004) Em Métodos de Decomposição de Amostras, , Krug, F. J. ed. Workshop sobre Preparo de Amostras: São Paulo, cap. 1Ternes, T.A., (2001) Trends Anal. Chem., 20, p. 419Miao, X., Bishay, F., Chen, M., Metcalfe, C.D., (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, p. 3533Hao, C., Lissemore, L., Nguyen, B., Kleywegt, S., Yang, P., Solomon, K., (2006) Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 384, p. 505Filali-Meknassi, Y., Auriol, M., Adams, C.D., Surampalli, R.Y., (2007) Water Environ. Res., 79, p. 687Fontanals, N., Marcé, R.M., Borrull, F., (2007) J. Chromatogr., A, 1152, p. 14Richardson, S.D., (2008) Anal. Chem., 80, p. 4373Zhao, J.L., Ying, G.G., Wang, L., Yang, J.F., Yang, X.B., Yang, L.H., Li, X., (2009) Sci. Total Environ., 407, p. 962Kuster, M., De Alda, M.L., Barceló, D., (2009) J. Chromatogr., A, 1216, p. 520Castillo, M., Alonso, M.C., Riu, J., Barceló, D., (1999) Environ. Sci. Technol., 33, p. 1300Van De Steene, J.C., Lambert, W.E., (2008) J. Chromatogr., A, 1182, p. 153Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R.M., Guwy, A.J., (2007) J. Chromatogr., A, 1161, p. 132Arditsoglou, A., Voutsa, D., (2008) Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 15, p. 228Conley, J.M., Symes, S.J., Kindelberger, S.A., Richards, S.M., (2008) J. Chromatogr., A, 1185, p. 206Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., Buxton, H.T., (2002) Environ. Sci. Technol., 36, p. 1202Schwarzenbach, R.P., Escher, B.I., Fenner, K., Hofstetter, T.B., Johnson, C.A., Von Gunten, U., Wehrli, B., (2006) Science, 313, p. 1072Glassmeyer, S.T., Furlong, E.T., Kolpin, D.W., Cahill, J.D., Zaugg, S.D., Werner, S.L., Meyer, M.T., Kryak, D.D., (2005) Environ. Sci. Technol., 39, p. 5157Focazio, M.J., Kolpin, D.W., Barnes, K.K., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., Thurman, M.E., (2008) Sci. Total Environ., 402, p. 201Heberer, T., (2002) J. Hydrol., 266, p. 175Heberer, T., Reddersen, K., Mechlinski, A., (2002) Water Sci. Technol., 46, p. 81Bendz, D., Paxéus, N.A., Ginn, T.R., Loge, F.J., (2005) J. Hazard. Mater., 122, p. 195Khanal, S.K., Xie, B., Thompson, M.L., Sung, S., Ong, S.K., Van Leeuwen, J.H., (2006) Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, p. 6537Choi, K., Kim, Y., Park, J., Park, C.K., Kim, M.Y., Kim, H.S., Kim, P., (2008) Sci. Total Environ., 405, p. 120Sodré, F.F., Montagner, C.C., Locatelli, M.A.F., Jardim, W.F., (2007) J. Braz. Soc. Ecotoxicol., 2, p. 187Sodré, F.F., Locatelli, M.A.F., Jardim, W.F., Water, Air, Soil Pollut., , doi 10.1007/s11270-009-0086-9Zaugg, S.D., Smith, S.G., Schroeder, M.P., Barber, L.B., Burkhardt, M.R., (2002) Methods of Analysis by the U. S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory- Determination od Wastewater Compounds by Polystyrene-Divinylbenzene Solid-phase Extraction and Capillary-Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, , U. S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations: Denver, Report 01-4186Castillo, M., Ventura, F., Barceló, D., (1999) Waste Manage., 19, p. 101Huang, S.B., Stanton, J.S., Lin, Y., Yokley, R.A., (2003) J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, p. 7252Kay, P., Blackwell, P.A., Boxall, A.B.A., (2005) Chemosphere, 60, p. 427Blackwell, P.A., Kay, P., Boxall, A.B.A., (2007) Chemosphere, 67, p. 292Locatelli, M.A.F., Sodré, F.F., Jardim, W.F., Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., , submetid