Common Inflammation-Related Candidate Gene Variants and Acute Kidney Injury in 2647 Critically Ill Finnish Patients

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome with high incidence among the critically ill. Because the clinical variables and currently used biomarkers have failed to predict the individual susceptibility to AKI, candidate gene variants for the trait have been studied. Studies about genetic predisposition to AKI have been mainly underpowered and of moderate quality. We report the association study of 27 genetic variants in a cohort of Finnish critically ill patients, focusing on the replication of associations detected with variants in genes related to inflammation, cell survival, or circulation. In this prospective, observational Finnish Acute Kidney Injury (FINNAKI) study, 2647 patients without chronic kidney disease were genotyped. We defined AKI according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. We compared severe AKI (Stages 2 and 3, n = 625) to controls (Stage 0, n = 1582). For genotyping we used iPLEX(TM) Assay (Agena Bioscience). We performed the association analyses with PLINK software, using an additive genetic model in logistic regression. Despite the numerous, although contradictory, studies about association between polymorphisms rs1800629 in TNFA and rs1800896 in IL10 and AKI, we found no association (odds ratios 1.06 (95% CI 0.89-1.28, p = 0.51) and 0.92 (95% CI 0.80-1.05, p = 0.20), respectively). Adjusting for confounders did not change the results. To conclude, we could not confirm the associations reported in previous studies in a cohort of critically ill patients

Aptidão física relacionada à saúde de idosos: influência da hidroginástica Aptitud física relacionada con la salud de los añosos: influencia de la hidrogimnasia Physical fitness and elderly health effects of hydrogymnastics

FUNDAMENTOS E OBJETIVOS: A prática de exercício físico, além de combater o sedentarismo, contribui de maneira significativa para a manutenção da aptidão física do idoso. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito da prática de hidroginástica sobre a aptidão física do idoso associada à saúde. METODOLOGIA: Foi realizado um ensaio controlado em 74 mulheres idosas, sem atividade física regular. Um grupo de 37 mulheres recebeu duas aulas semanais de hidroginástica durante três meses e outras 37 mulheres serviram como controle. A aptidão física foi avaliada através da bateria de testes de Rikli e Jones (1999), com avaliações de força e resistência de membros inferiores (levantar e sentar na cadeira), força e resistência de membros superiores (flexão do antebraço), flexão de membros inferiores (sentado, alcançar os membros inferiores com as mãos), mobilidade física - velocidade, agilidade e equilíbrio (levanta, caminha 2,44m e volta a sentar), flexibilidade dos membros superiores (alcançar atrás das costas com as mãos) e resistência aeróbica (andar seis minutos). A bateria de testes foi aplicada antes do início das aulas e no fim do programa após três meses. Os grupos foram semelhantes em relação a idade, IMC, renda familiar e anos de escolaridade. RESULTADOS: Ao longo dos três meses, foram acompanhadas 30 mulheres em cada grupo; perda amostral de 18,9%. Observou-se no grupo da hidroginástica um melhor desempenho em todos os pós-testes, quando comparados com os resultados do próprio grupo no pré-teste e com o controle no pós-teste (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a prática de hidroginástica para mulheres idosas sem exercícios físicos regulares contribuiu para a melhoria da aptidão física relacionada à saúde.<br>FUNDAMENTOS Y OBJETIVOS: La práctica del ejercicio físico, además de combatir el sedentarismo, contribuye de manera significativa para el mantenimiento de la aptitud física. El objetivo de este estudio fue el verificar el efecto de la práctica de la hidrogimnasia sobre la aptitud física del añoso asociada a la salud. METODOLOGÍA: Fue realizado un ensayo controlado en 74 mujeres añosas, sin actividad física regular. Un grupo de 37 mujeres recibió dos clases semanales de hidrogimnasia durante 3 meses y otras 37 mujeres sirvieron como control. La aptitud física evaluada a través de la batería de tests de Rikli & Jones (1999), con evaluaciones de fuerza y resistencia de miembros inferiores (levantar y sentar la cadera), fuerza y resistencia de miembros superiores (flexión del antebrazo), flexión de miembros inferiores (sentado, alcanzar los miembros inferiores con las manos), mobilidad física - velocidad, agilidad y equilibrio (levanta, camina 2,44 m y vuelta a sentarse), flexibilidad de los miembros superiores (alcanzar atrás de las costas con las manos) e resistencia aeróbica (caminar 6 minutos). La batería de tests fue aplicada antes del inicio de las clases y al final del programa después de los 3 meses. Los grupos fueron semejantes en relación a edad, IMC, grupo familiar y años de escolaridad. RESULTADOS: A lo largo de los 3 meses, fueron acompañadas 30 mujeres en cada grupo promedio de muestras de 18,9%. Se observó en el grupo de hidrogimnasia, un mejor desempeño en todos los post-test cuando fueron comparados con los resultados del propio grupo no pre-test y con el control del pre-test (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Se concluye que la práctica de la hidrogimnasia para mujeres añosas sin ejercicios físicos regulares contribuyó para la mejora de aptitud física relacionada a la salud.<br>BASIS AND OBJECTIVES: The practice of physical exercises, besides avoiding idleness, contributes expressively for the maintenance of the physical fitness of the elderly. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of hydrogymnastics on the physical fitness and the elderly health. METHODOLOGY: A controlled assay on 74 elderly women with no regular physical activity was performed. A group of 37 women had two weekly hydrogymnastics classes during 3 months and other 37 women served as control. The physical fitness was evaluated though the Rikli and Jones (1999) test battery, where the following parameters were evaluated: power and resistance of the lower members (to sit down and to stand up), power and resistance of the upper members (forearm flexion), lower members flexion (at sitting position, to touch lower members), physical mobility - velocity, agility and balance (to stand up, to walk 2.44 m and to sit back down), flexibility of the upper members (reading up the back with hands) and aerobic resistance (6-minute walk). The test battery was applied before the beginning of classes and at the end of the program 3 months later. The groups had similar behavior with regard to age, IMC, familiar income and educational level. RESULTS: During the three months, 30 women of each group were followed, sampling loss of 18.9%. In the hydrogymnastics group, a better performance in all post-tests was observed, when compared to results of the own group in the pre-test and to the control group in the post-test (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: One concludes that the practice of hydrogymnastics for elderly women with no regular physical exercises, contributes to the improvement of the physical fitness and elderly health

The effects of hyperoxic and hypercarbic gases on tumour blood flow

Carbogen (95% O2 and 5% CO2) has been used in preference to 100% oxygen (O2) as a radiosensitizer, because it is believed that CO2 blocks O2-induced vasoconstriction. However, recent work suggests that both normal and tumour arterioles of dorsal flap window chambers exhibit the opposite: no vasoconstriction vs constriction for O2 vs carbogen breathing respectively. We hypothesized that CO2 content might cause vasoconstriction and investigated the effects of three O2–CO2 breathing mixtures on tumour arteriolar diameter (TAD) and blood flow (TBF). Fischer 344 rats with R3230Ac tumours transplanted into window chambers breathed either 1%, 5%, or 10% CO2 + O2. Intravital microscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry were used to measure TAD and TBF respectively. Animals breathing 1% CO2 had increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), no change in heart rate (HR), transient reduction in TAD and no change in TBF. Rats breathing 5% CO2 (carbogen) had transiently increased MAP, decreased HR, reduced TAD and a sustained 25% TBF decrease. Animals exposed to 10% CO2 experienced a transient decrease in MAP, no HR change, reduced TAD and a 30–40% transient TBF decrease. The effects on MAP, HR, TAD and TBF were not CO2 dose-dependent, suggesting that complex physiologic mechanisms are involved. Nevertheless, when ≥ 5% CO2 was breathed, there was clear vasoconstriction and TBF reduction in this model. This suggests that the effects of hypercarbic gases on TBF are site-dependent and that use of carbogen as a radiosensitizer may be counterproductive in certain situations

Porous Silicon Particles for Cancer Therapy and Bioimaging

Porous silicon (pSi) engineered by electrochemical etching of silicon has been explored as a drug delivery carrier with the aim of overcoming the limitations of traditional therapies and medical treatments. pSi is biodegradable, non-cytotoxic and has optoelectronic properties that make this platform material a unique candidate for developing biomaterials for drug delivery and theranostics therapies. pSi provides new opportunities to improve existing therapies in different areas, paving the way for developing advanced theranostic nanomedicines, incorporating payloads of therapeutics with imaging capabilities. However, despite these outstanding advances, more extensive in-vivo studies are needed to assess the feasibility and reliability of this technology for real clinical practice. In this Chapter, we present an updated overview about the recent therapeutic systems based on pSi, with a critical analysis on the problems and opportunities that this technology faces as well as highlighting the growing potential of pSi technolgy