No evidence that footedness in pheasants influences cognitive performance in tasks assessing colour discrimination and spatial ability

The differential specialization of each side of the brain facilitates the parallel processing of information and has been documented in a wide range of animals. Animals that are more lateralized as indicated by consistent preferential limb use are commonly reported to exhibit superior cognitive ability as well as other behavioural advantages.We assayed the lateralization of 135 young pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), indicated by their footedness in a spontaneous stepping task, and related this measure to individual performance in either 3 assays of visual or spatial learning and memory. We found no evidence that pronounced footedness enhances cognitive ability in any of the tasks. We also found no evidence that an intermediate footedness relates to better cognitive performance. This lack of relationship is surprising because previous work revealed that pheasants have a slight population bias towards right footedness, and when released into the wild, individuals with higher degrees of footedness were more likely to die. One explanation for why extreme lateralization is constrained was that it led to poorer cognitive performance, or that optimal cognitive performance was associated with some intermediate level of lateralization. This stabilizing selection could explain the pattern of moderate lateralization that is seen in most non-human species that have been studied. However, we found no evidence in this study to support this explanation

Consumer trust, risk and food safety: a review

Consumers' attitudes to trust and risk are key issues in food safety research and attention needs to be focused on clearly defining a framework for analysing consumer behaviour in these terms. In order to achieve this, a detailed review of the recent literature surrounding risk, trust and the relationship between the two must be conducted. This paper aims to collate the current social sciences literature in the fields of food safety, trust and risk. It provides an insight into the economic and other modelling procedures available to measure consumers' attitudes to risk and trust in food safety and specifically notes the need for future research to concentrate on examining risk and trust as inter-related variables rather than two distinct, mutually exclusive concepts. A framework is proposed which it is hoped will assist in devising more effective research to support risk communication to consumers

Pensando sobre el riesgo alimentario y su aceptabilidad: el caso de los alimentos transgénicos Thoughts on eating risk and its acceptability: the case of transgenic food

En la última década se han llevado a cabo numerosos trabajos con el objetivo de analizar la percepción social de la seguridad alimentaria y, en particular, las representaciones sociales del riesgo. La mayoría de estos estudios tratan de dar respuesta a por qué ha ido aumentando la percepción negativa que la población tiene sobre determinadas aplicaciones tecnológicas en los alimentos y, en general, sobre la alimentación industrial justo en el momento en que la comida es muy abundante, la cadena alimentaria está más controlada que nunca, la esperanza de vida de las personas ha alcanzado los niveles más altos o los problemas de salud relacionados con la alimentación, aún persistiendo, tienen unas dimensiones menos dramáticas que en épocas anteriores. Se insiste, sin embargo, en la idea de que hoy sabemos menos o poco acerca de lo que comemos. Si bien es cierto que una parte de esta valoración negativa se puede atribuir a los cambios habidos en las nuevas formas de vida y a la separación que se ha producido entre las actividades de la población y la producción o preparación de sus alimentos, otra parte se debe a la sucesión de las diferentes alertas y crisis alimentarias que a lo largo de este periodo se han producido en el contexto europeo y de las importantes consecuencias que han tenido en términos políticos, económicos y sociales. En este sentido, el debate público surgido en torno a los organismos modificados genéticamente y, en particular, los alimentos transgénicos constituyen un caso paradigmático para ilustrar desde una perspectiva antropológica la variabilidad cultural respecto a su aceptación o rechazo.<br>In the last decade, numerous studies have analysed society's perception of eating safety and, in particular, the social representations of risk. Most of these studies attempt to explain why the negative perception that people have of certain technological applications in food and, in general, of industrial food has increased just when food is abundant, the food chain is under greater control than ever before, life expectancy is at an all time high and food-related health problems, although they still exist, have less dramatic consequences than in previous ages. It is stressed, however, that today we know less or little about what we eat. Although it is true that this negative assessment is partly due to the changes in the new ways of life and the fact that the activities of the population have become separated from food production or preparation, it is also partly due to the succession of food-related incidents and crises that have taken place in the European context and the important political, economic and social consequences that they have had. In this respect, the public debate that has arisen around genetically modified organisms and, particularly, transgenic food is a paradigmatic case that illustrates the cultural diversity in relation to their acceptability or repulse from the anthropological perspective