218,870 research outputs found

    Mobilizing European law

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    The literature on European legal mobilization asks why individuals, groups and companies go to court and explores the impact of litigation on policy, institutions and the balance of power among actors. Surveying the literature we find that legal mobilization efforts vary across policy areas and jurisdictions. This article introduces a three-level theoretical framework that organizes research on the causes of these variations: macro-level systemic factors that originate in Europe; meso-level factors that vary nationally; and micro-level factors that characterize the actors engaged in (or disengaged from) litigation. We argue that until we understand more about how and why different parties mobilize law, it is difficult to respond to normative questions about whether European legal mobilization is a positive or negative development for democracy and rights.This work was supported by the University College London Global Engagement Strategy Leadership Fund; the UK Economic and Social Research Council [grant number ES/K008153/1]

    Characterization of the neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors nature by MDCT enhancement pattern: a radio-pathological correlation

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    Introduction Pre-operative suspicion of neuroendocrine pancreatic lesions nature arises both from clinical (presence and the type of secreted hormone) and imaging findings. However, imaging suggestion of lesion nature is based quite only on nodular dimension and on the presence of local and distant spreading. Aim of the study was to determine the nature of neuroendocrine pancreatic lesions by analysing lesions enhancement pattern at MDCT and by comparing it with histological findings, including the MVD. Materials and Methods We included 45 patients submitted to surgical resection for pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. All preoperative CT examinations were performed by a multidetector CT. Post-contrastographic study included 4 phases: early arterial (delay 15-20”), pancreatic (delay 35”), venous (delay 70”) and late phases (delay 180”). Two different patterns of enhancement were defined: pattern A, including lesions showing early enhancement (during early arterial or pancreatic phase) and a rapid wash-out; pattern B, including lesions with wash-in in the early arterial or pancreatic phase with no wash-out nor in the late phase (pattern B1), and lesions showing enhancement only in the venous and/or late phases (pattern B2). Results 66 lesions were detected (30 pattern A, 26 B1 and 10 B2). At pathology 28 lesions were adenomas, 14 borderline and 24 carcinomas: 24/30 lesions showing pattern A were benign, 5 borderline and 1 carcinoma; 23/36 lesions showing pattern B were carcinomas, 9 borderline and 4 adenomas. Among the 26 B1 lesions, 13 were carcinomas, 9 borderline and 4 adenomas, while all 10 B2 lesions were malignant. Pattern A showed PPV of benignancy of 80%, and pattern B NPV of benignancy of 89%. MVD was evaluated in 22 lesions obtaining significant differences among the 3 histological and the 3 enhancement pattern. Significant differences between B1 and B2 malignant lesions existed by considering metastases (only B2 lesions) and fibrosis (all B2 lesions). Conclusion The enhancement pattern at CT is related to MVD and the histological type, thus representing a further criterium for suggesting nature of neuroendocrine lesions. The low MVD of B2 lesions, associated with the presence of fibrosis, may justify the delayed enhancement of these lesions

    The Contemporary Tax Journal’s Interview of David Doerr

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    'Increasing student engagement and retention using social technologies: Facebook, e-portolios and other social networking services' by Laura A. Wankel and Patrick Blessinger : review

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    Review of 'Increasing student engagement and retention using social technologies: Facebook, e-portolios and other social networking services' by Laura A. Wankel and Patrick Blessinger. Emerald Group Publishing, 2012

    To deceive or not to deceive! Legal implications of phishing covert research

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    Whilst studying mobile users' susceptibility to phishing attacks, we found ourselves subject to regulations concerning the use of deception in research. We argue that such regulations are misapplied in a way that hinders the progress of security research. Our argument analyses the existing framework and the ethical principles of conducting phishing research in light of these regulations. Building on this analysis and reflecting on real world experience; we present our view of good practice and suggest guidance on how to prepare legally compliant proposals to concerned ethics committee

    Professionalising the British film industry: the UK Film Council and public support for film production

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    This article examines the UK Film Council’s objective to reorganise and reallocate public funding for film from 2000 onwards. I argue that the model adopted by the UKFC was innovative on two levels. First, it separated public funds available for film production into three separate streams and then hired industry professionals to head each individual fund. I also examine how the funds developed over the lifetime of the organisation, with each appointed head shaping the principles of their respective funds in accordance with the wider objectives of the UKFC. Drawing on strategy documents, internal papers and interviews with key personnel, I argue that the UKFC worked to position itself as a ‘vanguard organisation’ seeking to shake up an independent sector seemingly reliant on state handouts and introduce a commercial perspective to the industry. This mission met an abrupt end, however, when the incoming Coalition government closed down the organisation in 2010

    Temporary Protected Status: Current Immigration Policy and Issues

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    [Excerpt] The Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) provides that all aliens (i.e., persons who are not citizens or nationals of the United States) must enter pursuant to the INA. The major categories of aliens are immigrants, refugees and asylees (all admitted for or adjusted to legal permanent residence), and nonimmigrants (admitted for temporary reasons, e.g., students, tourists, or business travelers). Foreign nationals who lack proper immigration authorization are generally of three kinds: (1) those who overstay their nonimmigrant visas, (2) those who enter the country surreptitiously without inspection, and (3) those who are admitted on the basis of fraudulent documents. In all three instances, the aliens are in violation of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) and subject to removal. As a signatory to the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (hereinafter, U.N. Protocol), the United States agrees to the principle of nonrefoulement, which means that it will not return an alien to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened. Nonrefoulement is embodied in several provisions of U.S. immigration law. Most notably, it is reflected in the provisions requiring the government to withhold the removal of aliens to a country in which the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened on the basis of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion
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