Richtigstellung der Schildlausnamen in der Bearbeitung von Schmutterer, Kloft und Lüdicke im 'Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten' (V. Bd., 5. Aufl., 4. Liefg., 1957).

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Schildlausnamen in der Bearbeitung der Schildläuse durch Schmutterer und Kloft für Sorauers Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten (1957) richtiggestellt und einige Zufügungen über Ceroplastes-Arten als Wachslieferanten und über eine gemutmaßte Atmungsart einiger Schildlaus-Arten gemacht.The above publication is to rectify names of scale insects incorrectly used by Schmutterer & Kloft in Sorauer's Handbuch für Pflanzenkrankheiten, Coceidae, 1957. Some additions are given concerning wax-producing species of the genus Ceroplastes and a presumptive way of respiration in some scale insects

Neue Beiträge zur Schildlaus-Nomenklatur und Anderes (Homoptera: Coccidae).

Nomenklatorische Handlungenaegyptiaca Fiedler, 1950 (Icerya), syn. n. pro Orthezia insignis Browne, 1887linearis (Costa, 1829) (Mytilococcus), comb. n. hitherto Diaspis linearis Costa, 1829aterrimus (Costa, 1829) (Talla), comb. n. hitherto Calypticus aterrimus Costa, 1829Nomenclatural Actsaegyptiaca Fiedler, 1950 (Icerya), syn. n. pro Orthezia insignis Browne, 1887linearis (Costa, 1829) (Mytilococcus), comb. n. hitherto Diaspis linearis Costa, 1829aterrimus (Costa, 1829) (Talla), comb. n. hitherto Calypticus aterrimus Costa, 182

Spatial and temporal pulse shaping for lateral and depth resolved two-photon excited fluorescence contrast

We report combined temporal and spatial laser pulse shaping to perform lateral and depth dependent two-photon excited fluorescence of dyes. For generating the specific spatially and temporally phase tailored pulses a temporal pulse shaper and a subsequent spatial pulse shaper are employed. Simultaneous spatial and temporal shaping is presented for two-photon excited fluorescence by applying temporal third order phase functions on spatially different light field components. Moreover, the prospects of spatial shaping are demonstrated by applying various lateral two-photon fluorescence pattern. In particular, a depth dependent excitation of different dyes is performed which leads to a high axially resolved fluorescence contrast. The introduced spatial and temporal shaping technique provides new perspectives for biophotonic imaging applications

Social cognition in South African children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Research on the social-cognitive profile of individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has confirmed poorer social skills in these children compared to healthy controls, independent of overall cognitive functioning. However, although children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are known to have deficits in social-cognitive function, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying these impairments. I investigated social cognition in children with FASD by assessing Theory of Mind and emotion recognition ability as potential determinants of impaired social cognition, behaviourally and using neuroimaging. Study I showed that children aged 9-11 years (N =63) with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and partial FAS performed more poorly on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, after controlling for IQ and executive function, suggesting difficulty in inferring people's mental states. Study II investigated the ability of 9-12 year old children (N = 88) to read people's facial emotions because this more basic level of social cue processing was considered a possible precursor to the impairments seen in Study I. An affective appraisal and working memory (WM) task (1- back and 2-back) was administered. Groups performed well on the 1-back, indicating ability to meet WM demands of the affective appraisal task. No behavioural group differences were shown on the affective appraisal task, which confirmed the suitability of this task to identify possible differences in neuronal activation, which I investigated in Study III. Analyses of these fMRI data on 64 children aged 9 -14 years showed that participants performed well on the relatively simple affective appraisal task. However, greater cortical activation was shown in exposed children when processing positive but less when processing negative facial expressions. These data demonstrate that heavy PAE alters activation within a cortical affective processing network. Because we know that children with FASD have alcohol-related social-cognitive impairments (Study I), differences in cortical activation may suggest that when children with FASD need to appraise affect in more challenging contexts, as in dynamic social interactions, they are likely to have greater difficulties. These data are consistent with two ideas: a) that alcohol-exposed children have difficulty appraising negative emotions and b) that difficulty contributes to the clinically described trouble these children have in "reading" facial social cues. If this is true, then an intervention program that improves the ability of these children to appraise negative emotions will likely (a) improve their ability to correctly interpret the context of their social interactions; (b) contribute to developing mental representations of an appropriate reaction to a given situation and (c) positively affect the various evaluation processes during social information processing, which in turn are imperative to social -cognitive functioning

Review: Do Horses Receive Optimum Amounts of Glutamine in Their Diets?

In some species of growing mammals glutamine is an essential amino acid that, if inadequate in the diet, is needed for normal growth and development. It is thus sometimes considered to be a conditionally essential amino acid in some species. A review of studies that have measured L-glutamine concentrations ([glutamine]) in horses demonstrates that plasma [glutamine] has routinely been reported to be much lower (~330 µmol/L) than in other mammals (> 600 µmol/L). Plasma [glutamine] represents the balance between intestinal transport into the blood after hepatic first pass, tissue synthesis and cellular extraction. The hypothesis is proposed that sustained low plasma [glutamine] represents a chronic state of sub-optimal glutamine intake and glutamine synthesis that does not meet the requirements for optimum health. While this may be without serious consequence in feral and sedentary horses, there is evidence that provision of supplemental dietary glutamine ameliorates a number of health consequences, particularly in horses with elevated metabolic demands. The present review provides evidence that glutamine is very important (and perhaps essential) for intestinal epithelial cells in mammals including horses, that horses with low plasma [glutamine] represents a sub-optimal state of well-being, and that horses supplemented with glutamine exhibit physiological and health benefits

DOUBLE-PUSH SKATING AND KLAP-SKATE IN CROSS COUNTRY SKIING, TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS FOR THE FUTURE?

Two technical developments in XC-skiing, the klap-system and the double-push (DPU), were developed in the last years. Kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic measurements at maximal speed using the one-skate were performed to compare these developments towards the conventional technique or material. In both, DPU and klap-system, athletes were able to complete a 50m measurement track faster (up to 0.40 sec). DPU was characterized by higher muscle activity, higher angular velocities, and higher lateral foot forces especially in gliding phase. With the klap-system higher peak foot forces (up to 300N), higher lateral foot forces (more than 100%), and a more lateral course of the center of pressure over the whole push-off occurred. The main advantages of the DPU can be seen in the additional second push-off instead of passive gliding, and the in direct line of the forward movement set ski for the first push-off. The possibility to use a totally stiff boot with the klap system leads to less loss of force and energy, and a better distributed force applicationg during push-off