615 research outputs found
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Measuring productive vocabulary of toddlers in low-income families: concurrent and predictive validity of three sources of data
This study examined parental report as a source of information about
toddlersâ productive vocabulary in 105 low-income families living
in either urban or rural communities. Parental report using the
MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory â Short Form
(CDI) at child age 2;0 was compared to concurrent spontaneous speech
measures and standardized language assessments, and the utility of each
source of data for predicting receptive vocabulary at age 3;0 (Peabody
Picture Vocabulary Test) was evaluated. Relations between language
measures of interest and background variables such as maternal age,
education, and race/ethnicity were also considered. Results showed that
for the sample as a whole, parental report was moderately associated
with other language measures at age 2;0 and accounted for unique variance in PPVT at age 3;0, controlling for child language skills
derived from a standard cognitive assessment. However, predictive
validity differed by community, being stronger in the rural than in
the urban community. Implications of significant differences in background
characteristics of mothers in the two sites are discussed
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Maternal Correlates of Growth in Toddler Vocabulary Production in Low-Income Families
This study investigated predictors of growth in toddlersâ vocabulary production between the ages of 1 and 3 years by analyzing mother â child communication in 108 low-income families. Individual growth modeling was used to describe patterns of growth in childrenâs observed vocabulary production and predictors of initial status and between-person change. Results indicate large variation in growth across children. Observed variation was positively related to diversity of maternal lexical input and maternal language and literacy skills, and negatively related to maternal depression. Maternal talkativeness was not related to growth in childrenâs vocabulary production in this sample. Implications of the examination of longitudinal data from this relatively large sample of low-income families are discussed
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LOW-INCOME, MINORITY FATHERSâ CONTROL STRATEGIES AND THEIR CHILDREN'S REGULATORY SKILLS
The current study explored the bidirectional association of childrenâs individual characteristics, fathersâ control strategies at 24 months,
and childrenâs regulatory skills at prekindergarten (pre-K). Using a sample of low-income, minority families with 2-year-olds from the Early Head
Start Research and Evaluation Project (n = 71), we assessed the association between child gender and vocabulary skills, fathersâ control strategies
at 24 months (e.g., regulatory behavior and regulatory language), and childrenâs sustained attention and emotion regulation at prekindergarten. There
were three main findings. First, fathers overwhelmingly used commands (e.g., âDo that.â) to promote compliance in their 24-month-old children.
Second, childrenâs vocabulary skills predicted fathersâ regulatory behaviors during a fatherâchild interaction whereas childrenâs gender predicted
fathersâ regulatory language during an interaction. Third, controlling for maternal supportiveness, fathersâ regulatory behaviors at 24 months predicted
childrenâs sustained attention at pre-K whereas fathersâ regulatory language at 24 months predicted childrenâs emotion regulation at pre-K. Our findings
highlight the importance of examining paternal contributions to childrenâs regulatory skills
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What counts in the development of young children's number knowledge?
Prior studies indicate that children vary widely in their mathematical knowledge by the time they enter preschool and that this variation predicts levels of achievement in elementary school. In a longitudinal study
of a diverse sample of 44 preschool children, we examined the extent to which their understanding of the cardinal meanings of the number words (e.g., knowing that the word âfourâ refers to sets with 4 items) is predicted by the ânumber talkâ they hear from their primary caregiver in the early home environment. Results from 5 visits showed substantial variation in parentsâ number talk to children between the ages of 14 and 30 months. Moreover, this variation predicted childrenâs knowledge of the cardinal meanings of number words at 46 months, even when socioeconomic status and other measures of parent and child talk were controlled. These findings suggest that encouraging parents to talk about number with their toddlers, and providing them with effective ways to do so, may positively impact childrenâs school achievement
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Fatherâtoddler communication in low-income families: The role of paternal education and depressive symptoms
Using data from a racially and ethnically diverse sample of low-income fathers and their 2-year-old children who participated in the Early Head Start Research Evaluation Project (n = 80), the current study explored the association among paternal depressive symptoms and level of education, fathersâ language to their children, and childrenâs language skills. There were three main findings. First, there was large variability in the quality and quantity of language used during linguistic interactions between low-income fathers and their toddlers. Second, fathers with higher levels of education had children who spoke more (i.e. utterances) and had more diverse vocabularies (i.e. word types) than fathers with lower levels of education. However, fathers with more depressive symptoms had children with less grammatically complex language (i.e. smaller MLUs) than fathers with fewer depressive symptoms. Third, direct effects between fathersâ depressive symptoms and level of education and childrenâs language outcomes were partially mediated by fathersâ quantity and quality of language
Increased Expression of SVCT2 in a New Mouse Model Raises Ascorbic Acid in Tissues and Protects against Paraquat-Induced Oxidative Damage in Lung
A new transgenic mouse model for global increases in the Sodium Dependent Vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) has been generated. The SVCT2-Tg mouse shows increased SVCT2 mRNA levels in all organs tested and correspondingly increased ascorbic acid (ASC) levels in all organs except liver. The extent of the increase in transporter mRNA expression differed among mice and among organs. The increased ASC levels did not have any adverse effects on behavior in the SVCT2-Tg mice, which did not differ from wild-type mice on tests of locomotor activity, anxiety, sensorimotor or cognitive ability. High levels of SVCT2 and ASC were found in the kidneys of SVCT2-Tg mice and urinary albumin excretion was lower in these mice than in wild-types. No gross pathological changes were noted in kidneys from SVCT2-Tg mice. SVCT2 immunoreactivity was detected in both SVCT2 and wild-type mice, and a stronger signal was seen in tubules than in glomeruli. Six treatments with Paraquat (3x10 and 3x15 mg/kg i.p.) were used to induce oxidative stress in mice. SVCT2-Tg mice showed a clear attenuation of Paraquat-induced oxidative stress in lung, as measured by F2-isoprostanes. Paraquat also decreased SVCT2 mRNA signal in liver, lung and kidney in SVCT2-Tg mice
Rules of Engagement: Implementing Student-Centered Learning in Breast Imaging
In response to changing learner needs, our institution launched a new translational curriculum wherein basic sciences and clinical skills were integrated, longitudinal patient care experiences provided, and earlier opportunities in specialty fields introduced to better inform residency program decisions. Medical students taking the breast imaging elective were enrolled in a breast imaging immersive experience designed to meet the School of Medicineâs core competencies. In focusing the elective on a narrow range of specialized topics and skills, we labeled this experience the Breast Imaging Boot Camp. Outcome data from March 6, 2017, to April 26, 2019, have been analyzed for this report. The modifications made to the elective include: e-mailing a detailed orientation document to students prior to the start of the rotation; assigning students to diagnostic, procedural, and screening roles; the attendance of students at introductory radiology symposia; studentsâ weekly attendance at institutional multidisciplinary and divisional breast radiologicâpathologic correlation conferences; student self-study assignments using faculty-vetted resources; student participation in breast biopsy simulation and small parts ultrasound laboratories; the development of a student-centric radiology educational website; and student-directed publishing of digital case files. Medical student feedback and course analytics indicated superior course evaluation scores reinforced by narrative feedback. In website domain utilization data, the breast file domain is the most viewed subspecialty domain. The Breast Imaging Boot Camp is a successful curriculum. Its novelty lies in both its integrated approach to medical student core competencies and its clinician educatorsâ use of todayâs student-favored teaching tools
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Decline in CD4 T lymphocytes with monotherapy bridging strategy for non-adherent adolescents living with HIV infection: Results of the IMPAACT P1094 randomized trial
Introduction
Management of persistently non-adherent youth living with HIV (YLHIV) with virologic failure (VF) on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) remains challenging. One strategy has been using 3TC/ FTC monotherapy (3TC/FTC), which in the presence of the M184V resistance mutation, does not suppress viral replication nor select for additional drug resistance mutations, and reduces viral fitness with limited side effects. P1094 compared the immunologic outcome of continuing failing cART vs. switching to 3TC/FTC as a âbridging strategyâ to subsequent suppressive cART for non-adherent YLHIV with pre-existing M184V resistance.
Materials & methods
Participants with documented nonadherence, M184V mutation, CD4+ T cell count â„100 cells/mm3 and VF (HIV-1 plasma RNA â„400 copies/mL (2.6 log10 HIV-1 RNA) were enrolled and randomized to continue failing cART vs. switch to 3TC/FTC. The primary endpoint (time to â„30% CD4+ T cell decline or development of CDC class C events) at 28-weeks were assessed by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curves in an intent-to-treat analysis.
Results
Thirty-three perinatally acquired YLHIV participants (16 continuing cART and 17 3TC/FTC) enrolled in the study. The median age, entry CD4+ T cell count, and viral load were 15 years (Inter-quartile range (IQR) 14â20), 472 cells/mm3 (IQR 384â651), and 4.0 log10HIV-1 RNA copies/ml (IQR 3.2â4.5), respectively. Five participants, all in the 3TC/FTC arm, reached the primary endpoint for absolute CD4+ T cell decline (p = 0.02, exact log-rank test comparing monotherapy to cART). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of probability of primary endpoint on 3TC/FTC at 28 weeks was 0.41 (standard error 0.14). There were no CDC class C events or deaths and no statistically significant difference in frequencies of adverse events between the arms.
Conclusions
Non-adherent participants randomized to 3TC/FTC were more likely than those maintained on failing cART to experience a confirmed decline in CD4+ count of â„30%. Although this study suffers from limitations of small sample size and premature discontinuation, the randomized comparison to continuing failing cART indicates that 3TC/FTC provides inferior protection from immunologic deterioration for non-adherent youth with M184V resistance. Better alternatives to 3TC/FTC such as ART with higher barriers to resistance and novel adherence and treatment strategies for nonadherent youth are urgently needed
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Family history of Alzheimer's disease alters cognition and is modified by medical and genetic factors
In humans, a first-degree family history of dementia (FH) is a well-documented risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the influence of FH on cognition across the lifespan is poorly understood. To address this issue, we developed an internet-based paired-associates learning (PAL) task and tested 59,571 participants between the ages of 18-85. FH was associated with lower PAL performance in both sexes under 65 years old. Modifiers of this effect of FH on PAL performance included age, sex, education, and diabetes. The Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele was also associated with lower PAL scores in FH positive individuals. Here we show, FH is associated with reduced PAL performance four decades before the typical onset of AD; additionally, several heritable and non-heritable modifiers of this effect were identified.Mueller Family Charitable Trust; Arizona Department of Health Services; National Institutes of Health [R01-AG041232, R01-AG049465-05]; Flinn FoundationOpen access journalThis item from the UA Faculty Publications collection is made available by the University of Arizona with support from the University of Arizona Libraries. If you have questions, please contact us at [email protected]
Pulmonary Hypertension and Other Potentially Fatal Pulmonary Complications in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Objective Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is characterized by fevers, rash, and arthritis, for which interleukinâ1 (ILâ1) and ILâ6 inhibitors appear to be effective treatments. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), interstitial lung disease (ILD), and alveolar proteinosis (AP) have recently been reported with increased frequency in systemic JIA patients. Our aim was to characterize and compare systemic JIA patients with these complications to a larger cohort of systemic JIA patients. Methods Systemic JIA patients who developed PAH, ILD, and/or AP were identified through an electronic Listserv and their demographic, systemic JIA, and pulmonary disease characteristics as well as their medication exposure information were collected. Patients with these features were compared to a cohort of systemic JIA patients enrolled in the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA) registry. Results The patients (n = 25) were significantly ( P < 0.05) more likely than the CARRA registry cohort (n = 389) to be female; have more systemic features; and have been exposed to an ILâ1 inhibitor, tocilizumab, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, cyclosporine, and cyclophosphamide. Twenty patients (80%) were diagnosed with pulmonary disease after 2004. Twenty patients (80%) had macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) during their disease course and 15 patients (60%) had MAS at pulmonary diagnosis. Sixteen patients had PAH, 5 had AP, and 7 had ILD. Seventeen patients (68%) were taking or recently discontinued (<1 month) a biologic agent at pulmonary symptom onset; 12 patients (48%) were taking antiâILâ1 therapy (primarily anakinra). Seventeen patients (68%) died at a mean of 10.2 months from the diagnosis of pulmonary complications. Conclusion PAH, AP, and ILD are underrecognized complications of systemic JIA that are frequently fatal. These complications may be the result of severe uncontrolled systemic disease activity and may be influenced by medication exposure.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/97453/1/21889_ftp.pd
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