On the substitution rule for Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals

We show how two change-of-variables formulae for Lebesgue-Stieltjes integrals generalize when all continuity hypotheses on the integrators are dropped. We find that a sort of "mass splitting phenomenon" arises.Comment: 6 page

Anti-peptide antibodies sensitive to the ‘active’ state of the β2-adrenergic receptor

AbstractAntibodies directed against a peptide corresponding to the second loop of the human β2-adrenergic receptor were induced in rabbits by immunisation with the free peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant. The resulting antibodies were affinity-purified and shown to be monospecific for the target receptor. They were able to stimulate the L-type Ca2+ channels in whole-cell patch-clamp experiments on isolated adult guineapig cardiomyocytes. This effect was similar to that obtained by the specific β2-adrenergic agonist zinterol. The antibody effects could be blocked with the specific β2-adrenergic inverse agonist ICI118,551 but not with the neutral antagonist alprenolol. These results suggest that the antibodies recognise the active conformer of the β2-adrenergic receptor