Real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging-brain-computer interfacing in the assessment and treatment of psychopathy : potential and challenges

This chapter focuses on the engagement of real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging-brain-computer interfacing (rtfMRI-BCI) in the treatment of psychopathy and some of the more pertinent ethico-legal and social issues fostered by such use of this neurotechnological approach. To this end, we first provide an overview of the nature of psychopathy. Second, we pose the premise that given the paucity – if not frank absence – of effective psychopharmacological treatment(s) or rehabilitation strategies presently available for psychopathy, it becomes important to examine the present state of neurotechnologies that might be used to effect potential benefit in the treatment of this disorder and focus this examination upon the possible utility of rtfMRI-brain-computer interface technology. Third, we present an overview of those tools that are currently used to determine and diagnose psychopathy and discuss their limitations. Finally, we address the major ethical questions and issues arising from the use of this technology to modify behavior in individuals with psychopathic trait