Effects of kinetin on tiller bud elongation in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Experiments are described in which at four stages of development main tillers of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were isolated and inserted in test-tubes containing distilled water or kinetin. Leaves and leaf sheaths were split off to expose a lateral bud approximately 3 mm long whose growth was measured during a period of 8 days. Kinetin at 6 ppm promoted bud elongation and dry-weight gain at all stages of development and in different light intensities and photoperiods. Reducing assimilate supply either by partial defoliation of the main tiller or treatment with DCMU inhibited bud growth during the early part of development, an effect which was relieved by kinetin. TIBA applied to prevent auxin transport increased bud growth at the first two but not later stages of development. Kinetin also inhibited nodal root growth consistently. At least two phases of bud control in grasses have to be considered, the first being the imposition of apical dominance after initiation of floral organs and stem elongation, the second being the release of buds from inhibition around ear emergence. Imposition of bud inhibition appears to be a function of auxin and assimilate supply, and at this stage the promoting effects of kinetin may be through its action of mobilizing flow of assimilates. The release of buds at a later stage is apparently not associated with auxin, and kinetin may no longer be concerned with assimilate flow but rather with overcoming an inhibitory effect on bud growth emanating from the leaves

Nitrogênio e enxofre em características produtivas do capim-braquiária proveniente de área de pastagem em degradação Nitrogen and sulphur for productive characteristics of signalgrass from degrading pasture area

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de combinações de doses de N com as de S para as características produtivas do capim-braquiária (Brachiaria decumbens), coletado em cilindros com plantas + solo em uma pastagem em degradação em área de Neossolo Quartzarênico. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, no período de novembro de 2003 a março de 2004. Foram utilizadas cinco doses de N (0; 100; 200; 300 e 400 mg/dm³) e cinco doses de S (0; 10; 20; 30 e 40 mg/dm³), combinadas em estudo de superfície de resposta baseado em desenho experimental composto central modificado de um fatorial 5² fracionado. Realizaram-se três cortes nas plantas, em intervalos de 30 dias. As doses de N e de S foram determinantes para o número de perfilhos, produção de massa seca das lâminas foliares e dos colmos mais bainhas no primeiro crescimento da gramínea e para a relação folha:colmo no segundo crescimento. A adubação com N teve efeito isolado no número de perfilhos e na produção de massa seca das lâminas foliares e dos colmos mais bainhas no segundo e no terceiro crescimentos. O número de folhas foi influenciado pelas doses de N e de S de forma isolada, no primeiro crescimento, e pelas doses de N no segundo e no terceiro crescimentos. As relações entre as doses de N e as de S para obtenção das máximas produções de massa seca foram, de maneira geral, em torno de 10:1. A aplicação, principalmente de N mas também de S, influenciou as características produtivas do capim-braquiária e conseqüentemente a sua recuperação.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of combined rates of N and S on signalgrass (Brachiaria decumbens) productive characteristics. This grass was collected in cylinders with soil + plants in a degrading pasture established in an Entisol. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, at Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, from November 2003 to March 2004. Five rates of N (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mg/dm³) were combined with five rates of S (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg/dm³) in a fractionated 5² factorial, based on a central composite design. Plants were harvested following three periods of 30 days growth. The combination between N and S rates affected the number of tillers, dry matter yield of leaf blade and stems plus sheaths at the first harvest and the leaf blade: stems plus sheaths ratio at the second harvest. Nitrogen rates had effects on the number of tillers and on dry matter yield of leaf blade and stems plus sheaths at the second and third harvests. At the first growth, the leaf number of the grass was changed by both N and S rates, and by N rates at the second and third growths. Maximum dry matter yields were reached when N and S rates were applied at about 10:1 ratio. The application of mainly N, but also of S, affected the productive characteristics of signalgrass, and its recovery

Características estruturais e morfológicas de genótipos de Pennisetum sp. sob pastejo no período de seca Structural and morphological characteristics of Pennisetum sp. genotypes under grazing during the dry period

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de estudar características estruturais e morfológicas de cinco genótipos de Pennisetum sp. (CE 08 A.D., Venezuela, HV-241, Elefante B e Hexaplóide) sob pastejo no período de seca na Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. Os genótipos foram manejados sob lotação rotacionada (44 dias de descanso e quatro dias de pastejo) ao longo de dois ciclos de pastejo. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas (os genótipos representaram as parcelas e os ciclos de pastejo, as subparcelas) e quatro repetições. Houve variação nas características estruturais e morfológicas de genótipos de Pennisetum sp. Os genótipos CE 08 A.D. e Elefante B apresentaram maior densidade de lâmina foliar verde, menor porcentagem de material morto e maior densidade de perfilhos basais remanescentes e aéreos novos, com médias de 5,0±0,4 kg de MS/ha/cm, 33,0±0,2%, 22,0±0,2 e 146,0±0,4 perfilhos/m², respectivamente. O HV-241 apresentou alta participação de material morto em sua biomassa aérea (55,6±0,3%), o que pode ser atribuído à alta mortalidade de perfilhos (19,0±0,3 e 114,0±0,4 perfilhos basais e aéreos mortos/m², respectivamente). Os genótipos CE 08 A.D. e Elefante B destacaram-se como promissores para utilização sob pastejo no período de seca. O genótipo HV-241, híbrido de capim-elefante com o milheto, foi mais afetado pelos efeitos do estresse hídrico no período seco do ano.<br>The experiment was carried out to study structural and morphologic characteristics of five Pennisetum sp. genotypes (CE 08 A.D., Venezuela, HV-241, Elephant B and Hexaplóide) under grazing during the dry period in Pernambuco Forest Zone. Genotypes were managed under rotational stocking (44 days of resting and four days of grazing period). The experimental design was randomized blocks in a split plot arrangement, and four replications. The genotypes represented the plots, and grazing cycles, the subplots. There was variation in the structural and morphologic characteristics of the Pennisetum sp. genotypes. The CE 08 A.D. and Elephant B presented high density of green leaf blade, low percentage of dead material and high density of remaining basal tillers and new aerial tillers, with averages of 5.0±0.4 kg DM/ha/cm; 33±0.2%; 22±0.2 and 146±0.4 tillers/m², respectively. The HV-241 presented high participation of dead material in its aerial biomass (55.6±0.3%) due to high tiller mortality (19±0.3 and 114±0.4 basal and aerial dead tillers/m², respectively). The genotypes CE 08 A.D. and Elephant B had been distinguished as promising to be used under grazing in the dry period. The genotype HV-241, elephantgrass hybrid with pearl millet, was more affected by water stress during the dry period of the year