Prise en charge des accidents vasculaires cérébraux des sujets âgés (étude rétrospective de 100 patients hospitalisés en soins de suite et réadaptation)

[Résumé en français] Nous avons réalisé une étude rétrospective sur une période de trois ans du 1er novembre 1999 au 1er novembre 2002 dans un service de soins de suite et de réadaptation d'un centre gérontologique de la région parisienne. Le but de cette étude était de définir les caractéristiques de la prise en charge et du devenir de 100 patients âgés de plus de 60 ans victimes d'un accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC). Les paramètres étudiés ont été recueillis à partir des comptes-rendus d'hospitalisation et des dossiers médicaux. Pour chaque patient nous avons étudié : l'âge (77,02 ans), le sexe (58% de femmes), la provenance, le délai d'admission (31,88 jours), le type d'AVC (71% ischémiques, 29% hémorragiques), la localisation, l'étiologie (40% indéterminé, 22% arythmie cardiaque, 16% athérosclérose des TSA, 10% HTA), les facteurs de risques cardio-vasculaires (HTA 53%, arythmie cardiaque 35%, athérosclérose des TSA 34%), l'examen clinique (hémiplégie 91%, troubles urinaires 52%, aphasie 50%), le bilan para clinique, l'indice de Barthel (20,55), le traitement, la durée de séjour (121,16 jours), les complications (89%), les récidives (9%), le mode de sortie (retour à domicile 39%, décès 31%, institution 26%) et les causes de décès. Nous avons identifié des facteurs de mauvais pronostic pour la récupération fonctionnelle (démence, délai d'admission, coronaropathie, troubles urinaires, aphasie, troubles de la déglutition, escarres, âge avancé), pour le retour à domicile (démence, AC / FA, troubles urinaires, aphasie, troubles de la déglutition, escarres, âge avancé) et pour la survie (sexe féminin, AC / FA, troubles urinaires, aphasie, troubles de la déglutition, escarres, âge avancé). L'identification de ces facteurs pronostiques permettra de réaliser un outil d'évaluation utilisable à l'admission de ces patients pour améliorer leur qualité de soins.PARIS13-BU Serge Lebovici (930082101) / SudocPARIS-BIUM (751062103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Soil organic carbon storage capacity of old and modern wheat varieties

National audienceDespite the possible mitigation of carbon emissions by favoring carbon transfer to terrestrial carbon sinks, little is knownabout the capacity of different crop genotypes to enhance soil carbon sequestration. We hypothesize that carbon sequestrationpotential linked to old wheat varieties (released before 1960) is higher than the one linked to modern ones while old varietiesare known to develop bigger and deeper root systems. Moreover, modern varieties are often cultivated using syntheticchemical inputs known to modify soil carbon dynamics. We conducted a field experiment by cultivating four modern andfour old wheat varieties, with and without chemical inputs (nitrogen, herbicide and fungicide), in Calcaric Cambisolconditions. After root and soil sampling, root morphology was assessed by image analysis, whereas potential catabolicactivities by soil microbial communities was assessed by MicroResp ™ measurements. Additionally, CO2 emissionsmeasurements were done by incubating soil and roots from each agronomic modality. Results suggest that the genotype (oldversus modern varieties) did not affect root traits nor substrates respiration, but the soil from old variety modalities released6% more CO2 than the one from modern ones. Application of inputs did not affect root traits, but increased soil microbialrespiration by 11%. Inputs also increased the respiration of citric acid by 19.1%, while it decreased respiration of fructose andalanine by 8.84% and 16.79%, respectively. Taken together, our results invalidate the hypothesis that old varieties could bemore performant than modern ones in storing carbon in this specific soil

Effects of chemical inputs, plant genotype and phenotypic plasticity on soil carbon storage by wheat root systems

International audiencePurposeThe main goal of this study was to determine if ancient wheat varieties could store more carbon than modern ones in the presence or absence of inputs, due to a likely bigger and deeper root system and a slower mineralization rate.MethodsWe conducted a field experiment with four modern and four ancient varieties (released before 1960 and often grown without inputs), with and without chemical inputs (nitrogen, herbicide and fungicide taken as a single factor). Root morphology was assessed by image analysis, potential catabolic activities of fructose, alanine, citric acid by MicroResp™ and overall CO2 emissions by incubating soil and roots from each modality for 60 days.ResultsThe breeding type did not affect root traits, substrates respiration nor CO2 emissions in our environmental conditions. The application of inputs did not affect root traits but influenced the respiration of specific substrates and CO2 emissions. The most noticeable response was due to the “breeding type x inputs” interaction: inputs increased CO2 emissions from soil and root tissues of ancient varieties by 19%, whereas no effect was observed for modern varieties.ConclusionTaken together, our results did not support the hypothesis that ancient varieties could be more performant than modern ones in storing carbon in our experimental conditions. Increased CO2 emissions by ancient varieties in the presence of inputs showed that ancient and modern varieties differed in their phenotypic plasticity

Response of Wheat Root System and its Mineralization to Chemical Inputs, Plant Genotype and Phenotypic Plasticity

Agricultural lands represent vast terrestrial surfaces, in which agricultural practices are likely to offer leverages to store carbon in soil. We hypothesize that ancient wheat varieties could store more carbon than modern ones, due to a likely bigger and deeper root system. Since modern varieties are often cultivated using synthetic chemical inputs known to modify soil carbon dynamics, it is important to decouple the effect of breeding types (ancient versus modern varieties) and inputs to assess breeding type’s storing potential. We conducted a field experiment with four modern and four ancient varieties, with and without chemical inputs (nitrogen, herbicide and fungicide). Root morphology was assessed by image analysis, potential catabolic activities of specific substrates (fructose, alanine, citric acid) by MicroResp™ and overall CO 2 emissions by incubating soil and roots from each modality of the experiment for 60 days. Results show that the breeding type did not affect root traits, substrates respiration nor overall CO 2 emissions in our environmental conditions. Application of inputs did not affect root traits but influenced the respiration of specific substrates and CO 2 emissions. The most noticeable response was due to the “breeding type x inputs” interaction : inputs increased CO 2 emissions from soil and root tissues of ancient varieties by 19%, whereas no effect was observed for modern varieties. Taken together, our results did not support the hypothesis that ancient varieties produce more root biomass and more recalcitrant root tissues. It is thus unlikely that they could be more performant than modern ones in storing carbon

Ancient and modern wheat varieties: A trade‐off between soil CO2 emissions and grain yield?

Abstract Introduction Humanity is facing two great challenges: producing enough food for a growing population and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we investigated the choice of specific wheat varieties to improve carbon storage in soil while producing enough grain to assure food security. We hypothesize that ancient wheat varieties could store more carbon than modern ones, due to a likely bigger and deeper root system or to more recalcitrant root organic matter. Materials and Methods We conducted a field experiment with four modern and four ancient wheat varieties, on four different sites with contrasted soil properties. Root morphology was assessed by image analysis and potential CO2 emissions by incubation for 60 days. Since in situ carbon storage differences between ancient and modern varieties were expected to be weak and not cumulated due to rotation, we estimated expected CO2 emissions from root biomass and potential CO2 emissions. The grain yield was also measured. Results The breeding type (ancient vs. modern varieties) affected root length in two of our four sites, with longer roots for ancient varieties, but it did not affect other root traits such as biomass. The breeding type also affected CO2 emissions, with higher measured CO2 emissions for modern than ancient varieties in Arenic Cambisol conditions (Morvan), and higher estimated (considering root biomass variations) CO2 emissions for modern varieties in Rendzic Leptosol conditions (Saint Romain). Root traits and estimated CO2 emissions were also dependent on the soil properties of the different sites. We did not find any significant differences in grain yield between ancient and modern varieties. Conclusion A possible trade‐off between carbon storage and grain production was expected, but our results suggest that some types of soil can support both high grain yield and C storage, especially those with an important depth, a neutral pH and a fine texture

Ancient and Modern Wheat Varieties: A Trade-Off between Soil Co2 Emissions and Crop Yield?

International audienceHumanity is facing two great challenges: produce enough food for a growing population and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, we investigated the choice of specific wheat varieties to improve carbon storage in soil while producing enough grain to assure food security. We hypothesize that ancient wheat varieties could store more carbon than modern ones, due to a likely bigger and deeper root system or to more recalcitrant root organic matter. We conducted a field experiment with four modern and four ancient wheat varieties, on four different sites chosen for their different soil properties. Root morphology was assessed by image analysis and potential CO 2 emissions by incubating soil and roots from each agronomic modality for 60 days. Since in situ carbon storage is not possible to detect in one year and since wheat is included in crop rotations that prevent repeating the same experiment for several years in the same place, we estimated expected CO 2 emissions by calculating the quantity of CO 2 that would have been emitted for one square meter, given the measured amount of root organic matter. The yield was also measured for ancient and modern varieties. The breeding type (ancient versus modern varieties) affected root length in two of our four sites, with longer roots for ancient varieties, but it did not affect other root traits such as biomass. The breeding type also affected CO 2 emissions, with higher measured CO 2 emissions for modern than ancient varieties in Arenic Cambisol conditions (Morvan), and higher estimated (considering root biomass variations) CO 2 emissions for modern varieties in Rendzic Leptosol conditions (Saint Romain). Root traits and CO 2 emissions were also dependent on the soil properties of the different sites. We did not find any significant differences in grain yield between ancient and modern varieties. A possible trade-off between carbon storage and grain production was expected, but our results suggest that some types of soil can support both high yield and C storage, especially those with an important depth, a neutral pH and a fine texture