La bibliothèque de l’École

Le statut du 30 mars 1810 sur l’administration de l’École normale contient un article relatif à la Bibliothèque : le directeur des études, assisté d’un élève-répétiteur, est chargé de sa conservation. Les livres ne sont prêtés qu’aux fonctionnaires de la maison et aux élèves, qui doivent les rapporter au bout de huit jours. En réalité, cette bibliothèque était alors tout à créer, et même les plus simples instruments de travail faisaient défaut. Il y a, sur nos rayons, une grammaire latine de ..

Chemical exploitation of metal contaminated biomass produced in phytoextraction

International audienceThis article describes some aspects of the chemical recovery of the metal contaminated biomass produced in phytoextraction technologies. Taking advantage of the adaptive capacity of certain plants to hyperaccumulate metallic cations in their aerial parts, phytoextraction could be a sustainable way to remediate trace metals pollution. A possible exploitation of the metal contaminated biomass produced in phytoextraction is the direct use of metallic cations derived from plants as Lewis acid catalysts for organic chemistry. These original polymetallic systems serve as heterogeneous catalysts in chemical transformations enabling the synthesis of molecules with high added value. Results for Friedel-Crafts acylations and alkylations are presented in this paper: the acetylation of anisole and benzylation reactions are considered in more detail. The use of mine tailings as catalytic supports is also investigated: it could represent a new integrated outlet for tailings and phytoextraction products. Each step of the process is designed to minimise environmental impacts in accord with the principles of Green Chemistry. The process seeks to be an incentive for the economic development of phytoextraction. As phytoremediation gains momentum, it could also prove a concrete solution to the criticality of non-renewable mineral materials with new sources of zinc, nickel and other metals

Curso de geografía

T.III : España y Portugal / por Antonio Blázquez y Delgado Aguilera (698 p. : il. con 181 gravados

A brief intellectual history of geopolitical thought and its relevance to the Baltic Sea region

This article outlines a general history of the intellectual origins and development of geopolitical thought. It provides categories for assessing contemporary expressions of this phenomenon, and then discusses the applicability of these tools to the Baltic Sea region. The article focuses on eliciting and juxtaposing contrasts between the three classical bodies of literature that evolved largely in parallel, and ends up briefly commenting on a fourth, partly “critical” approach. The main takeaway is that considering all four geopolitical approaches before applying any of them to the Baltic Sea realm encourages analysts to embrace a more holistic and dynamic viewpoint than each of the alternatives individually can offer. Such a conceptualization promises to forge analytical linkages between a series of relevant, geographically contingent circumstances including resources, arenas and communities that represent prerequisites and opportunities incrisis, conflict, or war