24 research outputs found
ΠΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ
Prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of men death in developed countries. Modern diagnostic methods, including a puncture biopsy of the prostate gland, make it possible to verify oncology in the early stages, however, routine studies do not always allow to predict the course of the disease and outcome. The aim of our study was to analyze the clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of the proliferative activity of adenocarcinoma cells using the Ki-67 marker, to compare the degree of proliferative activity in tumors of various degrees of malignancy (according to Gleasonβs classification), as well as to compare this indicator with the clinical stage of the disease, the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood, the size of the prostate gland. Materials and Methods: On the basis of the City Clinical Hospital No. 31 and the Veteran Hospital No. 2, paraffin blocks with material obtained as a result of prostate biopsy, transurethral resection, and radical prostatectomy were selected. A morphological and immunohistochemical study of the material with the Ki-67 marker and a quantitative assessment of the degree of proliferative activity were carried out. Data were analyzed using the STATISTICA 10.0 program using estimates of the normality of the data distribution according to the Shapiro-Wilk W-test, the significance of differences was estimated using the Mann-Whitney U-test, and correlation relationships using Spearmanβs correlation coefficient. Results: Statistically significant differences in the degree of proliferative activity in groups differing in the degree of differentiation were revealed. A statistically significant direct correlation of moderate severity was revealed when comparing proliferative activity with the degree of differentiation according to the Gleason system (rs = 0.523) and the clinical stage of the disease (rs = 0.646). No statistically significant correlation was found between indicators such as prostate-specific antigen level, age, prostate volume, and proliferative activity index. Conclusion: taking into account the proliferative activity index in addition to clinical and morphological studies helps to diagnose and subsequently predict the course of prostate cancer.ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. Π Π°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
. Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡ
, ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ, Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ° Ki-67, ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π°), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ. ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΠ° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΠΠΠ£Π ΠΠΠ Β«ΠΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° β 31Β» ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠΈΠ½ β 2Β» Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ, ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Ki-67. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ STATISTICA 10.0 Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ W-ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π¨Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎ-Π£ΠΈΠ»ΠΊΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ U-ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°-Π£ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘ΠΏΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Π° (rs = 0,523) ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (rs = 0,646). ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½Π°, Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ
Immunohistochemical study of Ki-67, p53 and Notch1 expressions in prostate cancer of different grades [Immunogistokhimicheskoe issledovanie ekspressii Ki-67, p53 i Notch1 v adenokartsinomakh predstatel'noi zhelezy razlichnoi stepeni zlokachestvennosti]
OBJECTIVE: To determine the prognostic value of the expression of Ki-67, p53, and Notch1 in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Surgical and diagnostic materials obtained from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, and prostate cancer of different grades underwent studies; a total of 98 patients were examined. Cell antigens were determined using rabbit anti-Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies (Clone SP6), mouse anti-p53 monoclonal antibodies (Clone Y5), and recombinant anti-Notch1 antibodies (Clone EP1238Y). RESULTS: Comparing Ki-67, p53, and Notch1 expression indices revealed statistically significant differences. There was a significant direct correlation between Ki-67 and p53 expression indices and prostate cancer grade groups based on the morphological Gleason grading system (rs=0.736; p<0.001; rs=0.682; p=0.035, respectively) and a strong inverse correlation between Notch1 expression and prostate cancer grade groups (rs= -0.425, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Notch1 expression in conjunction with the low proliferative activity of cells and the absence of p53 (Y5) protein may suggest that the mechanism of apoptosis is preserved in tumor cells, which expands indications for medical treatment of prostate cancer.Π¦ΠΠΠ¬ ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ―: ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ki-67, p53 ΠΈ Notch1 Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ. ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ Π ΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ«: ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π», ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 98 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΡ Ki-67 (Clone SP6), ΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΡ p53 (Clone Y5), ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π» ΠΊ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΡ Notch1 (Clone EP1238Y). Π ΠΠΠ£ΠΠ¬Π’ΠΠ’Π«: ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ki-67, p53 ΠΈ Notch1. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ki-67, p53 ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½Ρ (rs=0,736, p<0,001; rs=0,682, p=0,035 ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Notch1 ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ (rs=β0,425, p<0,001). ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Notch1 Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΊΠ° p53 (Y5) ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Ρ
Spectroscopic and morphologic characteristics of diamonds from Kimberlite pipe named after V.P. Grib
Comparative EPR analysis of paramagnetic centers in diamonds from Kimberlite pipe named after V.P. Grib (KPG) and other tubes of Archangelsc diamond-bearing province is presented. In the KPG samples, diamonds with EPR spectra of 1 group were present in much less content than diamonds from other pipes. The diamonds in KPG samples are mostly those of 2 group (with predominant center P2). Since P2 centers are formed (as known) upon crystals' elastic deformation, it's concluded, that epigenetic processes of elastic deformation in KPG diamonds have manifested stronger than in diamonds of other considered tubes
Spectroscopic and morphologic characteristics of diamonds from Kimberlite pipe named after V.P. Grib
Comparative EPR analysis of paramagnetic centers in diamonds from Kimberlite pipe named after V.P. Grib (KPG) and other tubes of Archangelsc diamond-bearing province is presented. In the KPG samples, diamonds with EPR spectra of 1 group were present in much less content than diamonds from other pipes. The diamonds in KPG samples are mostly those of 2 group (with predominant center P2). Since P2 centers are formed (as known) upon crystals' elastic deformation, it's concluded, that epigenetic processes of elastic deformation in KPG diamonds have manifested stronger than in diamonds of other considered tubes
The cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase gene family is involved in the response to Fusarium oxysporum in resistant and susceptible flax genotypes
Flax (Linum usitatissimurn L.) is used for the production of textile, oils, pharmaceuticals, and composite materials. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, is a very harmful disease that reduces flax production. Flax cultivars that are resistant to Fusarium wilt have been developed, and the genes that are involved in the host response to F. oxysporum have been identified. However, the mechanisms underlying resistance to this pathogen remain unclear. In the present study, we used transcriptome sequencing data obtained from susceptible and resistant flax genotypes grown under control conditions or F. oxysporum infection. Approximately 250 million reads, generated with an Illumina NextSeq instrument, were analyzed. After filtering to exclude the F. oxysporum transcriptome, the remaining reads were mapped to the L. usitatissimum genome and quantified. Then, the expression levels of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) family genes, which are known to be involved in the response to F. oxysporum, were evaluated in resistant and susceptible flax genotypes. Expression alterations in response to the pathogen were detected for all 13 examined CAD genes. The most significant differences in expression between control and infected plants were observed for CADIB, CAD4A, CAD5A, and CAD5B, with strong upregulation of CAD1B, CAD5A, and CAD5B and strong downregulation of CAD4A. When plants were grown under the same conditions, the expression levels were similar in all studied flax genotypes for most CAD genes, and statistically significant differences in expression between resistant and susceptible genotypes were only observed for CAD1A. Our study indicates the strong involvement of CAD genes in flax response to F. oxysporum but brings no evidence of their role as resistance gene candidates. These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the response of flax to F. oxysporum infection and the role of CAD genes in stress resistance
Immunohistochemical expression of nanog protein in prostate cancer cells of distinct grade groups [ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ₯ΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠ NANOG Π ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ₯ Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ« Π ΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠ Π£ΠΠ]
Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer among men, which is mainly due to extensive use of screening tests and high total number of prostate biopsies. Verification of tumors with poorer prognosis is the primary goal of prostate cancer management. The study was aimed to determine the clinical and morphological associations and the prognostic value of the Nanog protein expression in prostate cancer of distinct Grade Groups. We used the prostate tissue specimens obtained during surgery, and the biopsy specimens, the total of 89 cases. Histological and immunohistochemical assessment was performed using antibodies to Ki-67 and Nanog. Correlations between the expression of markers and the Grade Groups were revealed using the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and the correlation with clinical and morphological characteristics was determined using the chi-squared test (Ο2). There was a positive correlation between the expression of Ki-67 and Nanog, and the Grade Group numerical order (rs = 0.619, p < 0.001 and rs = 0.786, p < 0.001 respectively). We managed to find the relationship between the high Nanog expression and the extraprostatic extension (p = 0.041). High expression of Nanog protein in the prostate cancer cells was associated with a higher-grade adenocarcinoma and indicated a poor prognosis. Β© 2020 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. All rights reserved
Einfluss der Waermebehandlung auf Struktur und Eigenschaften von Hartmetallen auf der Basis von Wolframcarbid mit Eisen-Nickel-Binder
Translated from Russian: Vliyanie termoobrabotki na strukturu i svoistva tverdogo splava na osnove karbida vol'frama s zhelezonikelevoi svyazkoi. Published in: Nauchnye trudy. Vsesoyuznyi nauchno-issledovatel'skii i proektnyi institut tugoplavkikh metallov i tverdykh splavov (1977) no. 17 p. 20-25.SIGLEDEGerman
ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ
Introduction. Chronic ischemia is an important pathogenic factor of urination disorders in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The aim of this study was to investigate the rationale for administering the drugs with anti-ischemic action in order to improve the urinary bladder function after acute urinary retention (AUR). Materials and methods. In our study, we investigated the effectiveness of anti-ischemic drugs approved for clinical trials (alpha-tocopherol, mexidol, pentoxyphyllinum and diltiazemum) on lowering the intensity of urinary bladder lesion and on the recovery of urination to a adequate level, in comparison with traditional alpha blocker therapy. We modelled AUR on 35 female rats and also used the case records of 90 patients with BPH accompanied by AUR. Results. According to the experimental studies, modelling of four-hour AUR was accompanied by significant damage of the detrusor smooth muscle mitochondria caused by reactive oxygen species production. These changes are cytotoxic and may stay behind urinary bladder dysfunction, due to the release of enzymes into the urine and the decrease of enzymatic activity in the detrusor cells. Anti-ischemic therapy preserves functional activity of smooth muscle mitochondria and prevents the excessive production of oxygen radicals. Consequently, there is a significant decrease of enzymeuria and maintenance of high enzymatic activity of in detrusor cells, especially creatine phosphokinase (CPK), which participates in energy supply for muscle contraction. The effectiveness of anti-ischemic therapy was comparable to protective action of doxazosin, an alpha-blocker; and several characteristics of the therapy were even better, in particular, with respect to CPK activity. Clinical results indicate that anti-ischemic therapy more effectively promotes the recovery of self-assisted urination, especially in patients with a larger residual urine volume and long anamnesis of the disease, in comparison with tamsulosin alpha-blocker therapy of patients with AUR. In addition, it prevents the damage of detrusor cells caused by AUR and more effectively lowers its negative effect on kidney function. Conclusion. Our results indicate the rationale for further research on the necessity of administering the anti-ischemic drugs in order to improve urination in patients with BPH.ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π₯ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΠΠΠ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ (ΠΠΠ). ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π½Π° 35 ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΡΡΡ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΠΈ 60 Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΠΠΠ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΠΠ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (Π°-ΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ», ΠΌΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ», ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠ½, Π΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π΅ΠΌ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Ξ±-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 4-Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΠ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ·ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°Π·Ρ (ΠΠ€Π), ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ξ±-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ€Π, Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ Ξ±-Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΠΠ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΎΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠΠ, ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π΅Π΅ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
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