568 research outputs found
Out-of-equilibrium thermodynamic relations in systems with aging and slow relaxation
The experimental time scale dependence of thermodynamic relations in
out-of-equilibrium systems with aging phenomena is investigated theoretically
by using only aging properties of the two-time correlation functions and the
generalized fluctuation-dissipation theorem (FDT). We show that there are two
experimental time regimes characterized by different thermal properties. In the
first regime where the waiting time is much longer than the measurement time,
the principle of minimum work holds even though a system is out of equilibrium.
In the second regime where both the measurement time and the waiting time are
long, the thermal properties are completely different from properties in
equilibrium. For the single-correlation-scale systems such as -spin
spherical spin-glasses, contrary to a fundamental assumption of thermodynamics,
the work done in an infinitely slow operation depends on the path of change of
the external field even when the waiting time is infinite. On the other hand,
for the multi-correlation-scale systems such as Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model,
the work done in an infinitely slow operation is independent of the path. Our
results imply that in order to describe thermodynamic properties of systems
with aging it is essential to consider the experimental time scales and history
of a system as a state variable is necessary.Comment: 28 pages(REVTeX), 4 figure(EPS). To be published in Phys. Rev.
Overview of the characteristic features of the magnetic phase transition with regards to the magnetocaloric effect: the hidden relationship between hysteresis and latent heat
The magnetocaloric effect has seen a resurgence in interest over the last 20 years as a means towards an alternative energy efficient cooling method. This has resulted in a concerted effort to develop the so-called āgiantā magnetocaloric materials with large entropy changes that often come at the expense of hysteretic behavior. But do the gains offset the disadvantages? In this paper, we review the relationship between the latent heat of several giant magnetocaloric systems and the associated magnetic field hysteresis. We quantify this relationship by the parameter ĪĪ¼ 0 H/ĪS L, which describes the linear relationship between field hysteresis, ĪĪ¼ 0 H, and entropy change due to latent heat, ĪS L. The general trends observed in these systems suggest that itinerant magnets appear to consistently show large ĪS L accompanied by small ĪĪ¼ 0 H (ĪĪ¼ 0 H/ĪS L = 0.02 Ā± 0.01 T/(J Kā1 kgā1)), compared to local moment systems, which show significantly larger ĪĪ¼ 0 H as ĪS L increases (ĪĪ¼ 0 H/ĪS L = 0.14 Ā± 0.06 T/(J Kā1 kgā1))
Asymmetry of the latent heat signature in b-axis oriented single crystal Gd Si Ge
A 100 micron fragment of a b-axis oriented single crystal Gd Si Ge has been studied using microcalorimetry, enabling the separate measurement of the heat capacity and the latent heat. The sample was taken from the same crystal previously studied with Hall probe imaging, which showed that the phase transition is seeded by a second phase of Gd Si Ge nanoplatelets on the increasing field sweep direction only. The multiple transition features observed in the latent heat signature suggests a nucleation size of approximately 20 Ī¼m, consistent with the lengthscale suggested by Hall imaging. The difference in nucleation and growth process with field sweep direction is clearly identified in the latent heat. We show that the latent heat contribution to the entropy change is of the order of 50% of the total entropy change and unlike other systems studied, the transition does not broaden (and the latent heat contribution does not diminish significantly) as magnetic field and temperature are increased within the parameter range explored in these experiments
pembrolizumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cscc the phase ii keynote 629 study
n/
Effect of Al substitution on the magnetocaloric properties of La(Fe SiAl)
Here we study the influence of Al doping on the magnetization, heat capacity, and entropy change of La(FeSiAl ) where x = 0, 0.048, and 0.081. When x = 0, the system shows a remarkably sharp heat capacity feature associated with spin fluctuations coincident with, but quite distinct from the latent heat spike of the first order paramagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition. With the addition of Al the magnetic and calorimetric features become more distributed in field, suggesting that Al adds disorder to the system. For both finite x compositions studied here, the latent heat disappears and the transition can be classified as second order. Although the entropy change associated with the transition is reduced once Al is substituted for Si, the adiabatic temperature change, ĪT is still significant. In La(Fe [Al) the balance between changes in the field dependence of the heat capacity with respect to overall ĪT gain is highlighted, showing that a small amount of Al doping clearly offers some advantage for application
Reducing extrinsic hysteresis in first-order la (Fe,Co,Si)13 magnetocaloric systems
Reducing extrinsic hysteresis in first-order la (Fe,Co,Si)13 magnetocaloric system
Efficient Resolution of Anisotropic Structures
We highlight some recent new delevelopments concerning the sparse
representation of possibly high-dimensional functions exhibiting strong
anisotropic features and low regularity in isotropic Sobolev or Besov scales.
Specifically, we focus on the solution of transport equations which exhibit
propagation of singularities where, additionally, high-dimensionality enters
when the convection field, and hence the solutions, depend on parameters
varying over some compact set. Important constituents of our approach are
directionally adaptive discretization concepts motivated by compactly supported
shearlet systems, and well-conditioned stable variational formulations that
support trial spaces with anisotropic refinements with arbitrary
directionalities. We prove that they provide tight error-residual relations
which are used to contrive rigorously founded adaptive refinement schemes which
converge in . Moreover, in the context of parameter dependent problems we
discuss two approaches serving different purposes and working under different
regularity assumptions. For frequent query problems, making essential use of
the novel well-conditioned variational formulations, a new Reduced Basis Method
is outlined which exhibits a certain rate-optimal performance for indefinite,
unsymmetric or singularly perturbed problems. For the radiative transfer
problem with scattering a sparse tensor method is presented which mitigates or
even overcomes the curse of dimensionality under suitable (so far still
isotropic) regularity assumptions. Numerical examples for both methods
illustrate the theoretical findings
Note on nonequilibrium stationary states and entropy
In transformations between nonequilibrium stationary states, entropy might be
a not well defined concept. It might be analogous to the ``heat content'' in
transformations in equilibrium which is not well defined either, if they are
not isochoric ({\it i.e.} do involve mechanical work). Hence we conjecture that
un a nonequilbrium stationary state the entropy is just a quantity that can be
transferred or created, like heat in equilibrium, but has no physical meaning
as ``entropy content'' as a property of the system.Comment: 4 page
Spontaneous magnetization above TC in polycrystalline La0.7 Ca0.3 MnO3 and La0.7 Ba0.3 MnO3
In the present work, spontaneous magnetization is observed in the inverse magnetic susceptibility of La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 compounds above TC up to a temperature T*. From information gathered from neutron diffraction, dilatometry, and high-field magnetization data, we suggest that T* is related to the transition temperature of the low-temperature (high magnetic field) magnetic phase. In the temperature region between T* and TC, the application of a magnetic field drives the system from the high-temperature to low-temperature magnetic phases, the latter possessing a higher magnetization. Ā© 2014 American Physical Society
Multistate Switching of Spin Selectivity in Electron Transport through Light-Driven Molecular Motors
It is established that electron transmission through chiral molecules depends on the electron's spin. This phenomenon, termed the chiralāinduced spin selectivity (CISS), effect has been observed in chiral molecules, supramolecular structures, polymers, and metalāorganic films. Which spin is preferred in the transmission depends on the handedness of the system and the tunneling direction of the electrons. Molecular motors based on overcrowded alkenes show multiple inversions of helical chirality under light irradiation and thermal relaxation. The authors found here multistate switching of spin selectivity in electron transfer through first generation molecular motors based on the four accessible distinct helical configurations, measured by magneticāconductive atomic force microscopy. It is shown that the helical state dictates the molecular organization on the surface. The efficient spin polarization observed in the photostationary state of the rightāhanded motor coupled with the modulation of spin selectivity through the controlled sequence of helical states, opens opportunities to tune spin selectivity onādemand with high spatioātemporal precision. An energetic analysis correlates the spin injection barrier with the extent of spin polarization
- ā¦