Understanding Youth Sport Coaches' Perceptions of Evidence-Based Injury-Prevention Training Programs: A Systematic Literature Review

Objective: To systematically review and summarize the knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and contextual perceptions of youth sport coaches toward injury-prevention training programs by using the Theoretical Domains Framework to guide the organization of results. Data Sources: Systematic searches of PubMed and Google Scholar were undertaken in November 2021. Study Selection: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was followed. Results were limited to full-text articles that were published in peer-reviewed journals and printed in English. Additional studies were added after a citation search of included studies. Studies were eligible for inclusion if researchers evaluated youth sport coaches' knowledge, beliefs, contextual perceptions, or all 3 of anterior cruciate ligament injury-prevention training programs. Data Extraction: Data charting was performed by 1 author and confirmed by a separate author. Data Synthesis: Of the 1194 articles identified, 19 were included in the final sample. Among articles in which researchers assessed knowledge (n = 19), coaches' awareness of the existence and components of injury-prevention training programs was inconsistent. Among articles in which researchers assessed beliefs (n = 19), many coaches had positive attitudes toward injury-prevention training programs, but few believed youth athletes are at a high risk of injury. Among articles in which researchers assessed contextual perceptions (n = 13), many coaches did not feel they had access to information about injuryprevention training programs and cited a lack of time, space, support, and other resources as barriers to implementation. Conclusions: Our findings support the need for programs, protocols, and policies to enhance knowledge of and support for youth sport coaches who wish to implement injury-prevention training programs. A gap exists in the research about addressing the needs of youth sport coaches in the United States high school sports setting. The use of multilevel implementation science frameworks (such as the Theoretical Domains Framework) will be beneficial for identifying constructs that affect implementation and developing train-the-trainer programming to meet the needs of individual youth sport coaches

Automated quantification of the landing error scoring system with a markerless motion-Capture system

Context: The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) can be used to identify individuals with an elevated risk of lower extremity injury. The limitation of the LESS is that raters identify movement errors from video replay, which is time-consuming and, therefore, may limit its use by clinicians. A markerless motion-capture system may be capable of automating LESS scoring, thereby removing this obstacle. Objective: To determine the reliability of an automated markerless motion-capture system for scoring the LESS. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: United States Military Academy. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 57 healthy, physically active individuals (47 men, 10 women; age ¼ 18.6 6 0.6 years, height ¼ 174.5 6 6.7 cm, mass ¼ 75.9 6 9.2 kg). Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants completed 3 jump-landing trials that were recorded by standard video cameras and a depth camera. Their movement quality was evaluated by expert LESS raters (standard video recording) using the LESS rubric and by software that automates LESS scoring (depth-camera data). We recorded an error for a LESS item if it was present on at least 2 of 3 jump-landing trials. We calculated j statistics, prevalence- and bias-adjusted j (PABAK) statistics, and percentage agreement for each LESS item. Interrater reliability was evaluated between the 2 expert rater scores and between a consensus expert score and the markerless motion-capture system score. Results: We observed reliability between the 2 expert LESS raters (average j ¼ 0.45 6 0.35, average PABAK ¼ 0.67 6 0.34; percentage agreement ¼ 0.83 6 0.17). The markerless motion-capture system had similar reliability with consensus expert scores (average j ¼ 0.48 6 0.40, average PABAK ¼ 0.71 6 0.27; percentage agreement ¼ 0.85 6 0.14). However, reliability was poor for 5 LESS items in both LESS score comparisons. Conclusions: A markerless motion-capture system had the same level of reliability as expert LESS raters, suggesting that an automated system can accurately assess movement. Therefore, clinicians can use the markerless motion-capture system to reliably score the LESS without being limited by the time requirements of manual LESS scoring

Peak knee biomechanics and limb symmetry following unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Associations of walking gait and jump-landing outcomes

Background: Aberrant walking-gait and jump-landing biomechanics may influence the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis and increase the risk of a second anterior cruciate ligament injury, respectively. It remains unknown if individuals who demonstrate altered walking-gait biomechanics demonstrate similar altered biomechanics during jump-landing. Our aim was to determine associations in peak knee biomechanics and limb-symmetry indices between walking-gait and jump-landing tasks in individuals with a unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Methods: Thirty-five individuals (74% women, 22.1 [3.4] years old, 25 [3.89] kg/m 2 ) with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction performed 5-trials of self-selected walking-gait and jump-landing. Peak kinetics and kinematics were extracted from the first 50% of stance phase during walking-gait and first 100 ms following ground contact for jump-landing. Pearson product-moment (r) and Spearman's Rho (ρ) analyses were used to evaluate relationships between outcome measures. Significance was set a priori (P ≤ 0.05). Findings: All associations between walking-gait and jump-landing for the involved limb, along with the majority of associations for limb-symmetry indices and the uninvolved limb, were negligible and non-statistically significant. There were weak significant associations for instantaneous loading rate (ρ = 0.39, P = 0.02) and peak knee abduction angle (ρ = 0.36, p = 0.03) uninvolved limb, as well as peak abduction displacement limb-symmetry indices (ρ= − 0.39, p = 0.02) between walking-gait and jump-landing. Interpretation: No systematic associations were found between walking-gait and jump-landing biomechanics for either limb or limb-symmetry indices in people with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Individuals with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction who demonstrate high-involved limb loading or asymmetries during jump-landing may not demonstrate similar biomechanics during walking-gait

Associations Between Slower Walking Speed and T1ρ Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Femoral Cartilage Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Objective: To determine whether walking speed, collected at 6 and 12 months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), is associated with inter-extremity differences in proteoglycan density, measured via T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging, in tibiofemoral articular cartilage 12 months following ACLR. Methods: Twenty-one individuals with a unilateral patellar-tendon autograft ACLR (10 women and 11 men, mean ± SD age 23.9 ± 2.7 years, mean ± SD body mass index 23.9 ± 2.7 kg/m2) were recruited for participation in this study. Walking speed was collected using 3-dimensional motion capture at 6 and 12 months following ACLR. The articular cartilage of the medial femoral condyle (MFC) and lateral femoral condyle and medial and lateral tibial condyles was manually segmented and subsectioned into 3 regions of interest (anterior, central, and posterior) based on the location of the meniscus in the sagittal plane. Inter-extremity mean T1ρ relaxation time ratios (T1ρ ACLR extremity / T1ρ contralateral extremity) were calculated and used for analysis. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to determine associations between walking speed and inter-extremity differences in T1ρ relaxation time ratios. Results: Slower walking speed 6 months post-ACLR was significantly associated with higher T1ρ relaxation time ratios in the MFC of the ACLR extremity 12 months following ACLR (posterior MFC, r = −0.51, P = 0.02; central MFC, r = −0.47, P = 0.04). Similarly, slower walking speed at 12 months post-ACLR was significantly associated with higher T1ρ relaxation time ratios in the posterior MFC ACLR extremity (r = −0.47, P = 0.04) 12 months following ACLR. Conclusion: Slower walking speed at 6 and 12 months following ACLR may be associated with early proteoglycan density changes in medial femoral compartment cartilage health in the first 12 months following ACLR

Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Working Women With Free Daycare Available At Workplace [aleitamento Materno Exclusivo Entre Trabalhadoras Com Creche No Local De Trabalho]

Objective. To investigate factors related to the decision of exclusive breastfeeding, and the planned and the actual duration among working women with free daycare available at workplace. Methods. A qualitative study was conducted comparing a group of 15 women exclusively breastfeeding their babies with a similar group of women whose babies were already being fed with other food besides maternal milk at the time they started attending a daycare center. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out for data collection. Results. The factors related to the decision of breastfeeding and maintaining it when women went back to work were: the desire to breastfeed based on the importance women of both groups as well as their husbands and significant others attributed to it. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was mainly associated to the baby's pediatrician counseling, which differed in each group. Conclusions. The availability of free daycare center at the workplace seems an important aspect to breastfeeding maintenance after women go back to work, especially regarding exclusive breastfeeding. The duration of exclusive breastfeeding was related to the information received before and during pregnancy, and also in the postpartum. Women who have exclusively breastfed for almost six months believed the longer they breastfeed the better to their babies' health, while other women believed that three months of exclusive breastfeeding would be enough.382172179Almeida, J.A.G., Amamentação: Um híbrido natureza-cultura (1999), Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruzde Almeida, P.M., Wickerhauser, H., O critério ABA/ABIPEME: Em busca de uma atualização (1991), São PauloBehague, D., Growth monitoring and the promotion of breastfeeding (1993) Soc. Sci. Med., 7, pp. 1565-1578Boltanski, L., (1984) As Classes Sociais E O Corpo, , 2 a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Edições GraalCoffin, C.J., Labbok, M.H., Belsey, M., Breastfeeding definitions (1997) Contraception, 55, pp. 323-325Hardy, E.E., Osis, M.J.D., Mulher, trabalho e amamentação: Legislação e prática (1991), Campinas: Editora da UnicampMorgan, D.L., Krueger, R.A., (1998) The Focus Groups Kit, p. 2. , Thousand Oaks: Sage PublicationsLabbok, M., Krasovec, K., Toward consistency in breastfeeding definitions (1990) Stud. Fam. Plann., 21, pp. 226-230Minayo, M.C.S., O desafio do conhecimento: Pesquisa qualitativa em saúde (1993), São Paulo: Hucitec/Rio de Janeiro: AbrascoProduction and use of media and materials curriculum (1992), [PATH] Programme for Appropriate Technology in Health. Washington (DC): PATHPerez-Escamilla, R., Segura-Millán, S., Pollitt, E., Dewey, K.G., Determinants of lactation performance across time in an urban population from Mexico (1993) Soc. Sci. Med., 37, pp. 1069-1078Rea, M.F., Venâncio, S.I., Batista, L.E., Santos, R.G., Greiner, T., Possibilidades e limitações da amamentação entre mulheres trabalhadoras formais (1997) Rev. Saúde Pública, 31, pp. 149-156Rea, M.F., Batista, L.E., Amamentar ou dar mamadeira: Existe opção para as mulheres trabalhadoras? (1999) Saúde Sexual E Reprodutiva No Brasil: Dilemas E Desafios, pp. 259-276. , Galvão L, Díaz J, organizadores. São Paulo: Hucitec/ Population CouncilVisness, C.M., Kennedy, K.I., Maternal employment and breast-feeding: Findings from the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (1997) Am. J. Public Health, 87, pp. 945-95