THE STUDY OF THE PECULIARITIES OF INFORMATION PERCEPTION BY STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION OF EDUCATION

The article identifies the problem of perceptual changes in computerized training. Changes in attention when learning through computer and print sources of information are investigated. The experiment showed, the efficiency of learning and storing information when receiving it from an electronic medium are slightly lower than from the printed one. The performance is systematically reduced, while when working with print media, this is not observed.Обозначена проблема концентрации внимания при компьютеризированном обучении. Исследованы изменения внимания при обучении с помощью компьютерного и печатного источников информации. Показано, что эффективность усвоения и запоминание информации при получении ее с электронного носителя оказываются несколько ниже, чем с печатного, а также что работоспособность планомерно снижается, в то время как при работе с печатными носителями подобного не наблюдается

EXPERIENCE WITH E-LEARNING USING HYPERMETHOD

Рассматриваются особенности реализации учебного курса с применением системы электронного обучения «Гиперметод» в Уральском федеральном университете имени первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина. На основе анализа статистических данных проводится оценка качества образовательного процессаThe article is about features of the training course using e-learning system HyperMethod in the Urals Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin. The quality of the educational process is estimated on the basis of the analysis of statistical dat

Влияние комбинации теофиллина и будесонида на выработку провоспалительных цитокинов клетками крови пациентов с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких

The objective: to evaluate the ability of the combination of theophylline and budesonide to suppress proinflammatory cytokine production byblood cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Subjects and Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or whole blood cells of COPD patients (n = 27) were incubated with budesonide (10 nM), theophylline (1 μM), or the combination thereof and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. The enzyme immunoassay was used to evaluate the secretion of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin 17A (IL-17A), IL-33, and other mediators of PBMC cells, and induced PHA. The flow cytometry was used to analyze intracellular production of proinflammatory cytokines stimulated by PMA/ionomycin in T-helpers (CD4+) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD8+).Results. Theophylline reduced the secretion of IL-4 and IL-17A by PBMC cells. The combination of budesonide with theophylline inhibited the synthesis of IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-33, TSLP, MIF by PBMC cells as well as the production of IL-4, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and T-helpers. The combination of theophylline and budesonide had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on the production of IL-4 and IL-8 by PBMC cells as well as the synthesis of IL-4 by CD4+ T-cells and IL8 by CD8+ T-lymphocytes versus the effect of monotherapy with budesonide.Цель исследования: оценить способность комбинации теофиллина и будесонида подавлять выработку провоспалительных цитокинов клетками крови пациентов с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ).Материалы и методы. Мононуклеарные клетки периферической крови (МКПК-клетки) или клетки цельной крови пациентов с ХОБЛ (n= 27) инкубировали с будесонидом (10 нМ), теофиллином (1 мкМ) или их комбинацией и стимулировали фитогемагглютинином (ФГА) или форбол-миристат-ацетатом (ФМА) с иономиционом. Секрецию тимического стромального лимфопоэтина (ТСЛП), фактора, ингибирующего миграцию макрофагов (ФИММ), интерлейкина 17А (ИЛ-17А), ИЛ-33 и других медиаторов МКПК-клетками, индуцированную ФГА, определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Внутриклеточную продукцию провоспалительных цитокинов, стимулированную ФМА/иономицином, в Т-хелперах (CD4+) и цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитах (CD8+) крови анализировали методом проточной цитометрии.Результаты. Теофиллин снижал секрецию ИЛ-4 и ИЛ-17А МКПК-клетками. Комбинация будесонида с теофиллином подавляла синтез ИЛ-4, ИЛ-5, ИЛ-8, ИЛ-13, ИЛ-17А, ИЛ-33, ТСЛП, ФИММ МКПК-клетками, а также продукцию ИЛ-4, ИЛ-8, фактора некроза опухоли-α и интерферона-γ цитотоксическими Т-лимфоцитами и Т-хелперами крови. Сочетание теофиллина и будесонида оказывало более выраженное ингибирующее воздействие на продукцию ИЛ-4 и ИЛ-8 МКПК-клетками, а также на синтез ИЛ-4 CD4+ T-клетками и ИЛ-8 CD8+ T-лимфоцитами, чем действие одного будесонида

Clinical features of post-COVID-19 period. Results of the international register “Dynamic analysis of comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 survivors (AKTIV SARS-CoV-2)”. Data from 6-month follow-up

Aim. To study the clinical course specifics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and comorbid conditions in COVID-19 survivors 3, 6, 12 months after recovery in the Eurasian region according to the AKTIV register. Material and methods.The AKTIV register was created at the initiative of the Eurasian Association of Therapists. The AKTIV register is divided into 2 parts: AKTIV 1 and AKTIV 2. The AKTIV 1 register currently includes 6300 patients, while in AKTIV 2 — 2770. Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 receiving in- and outpatient treatment have been anonymously included on the registry. The following 7 countries participated in the register: Russian Federation, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Moldova, Republic of Uzbekistan. This closed multicenter register with two nonoverlapping branches (in- and outpatient branch) provides 6 visits: 3 in-person visits during the acute period and 3 telephone calls after 3, 6, 12 months. Subject recruitment lasted from June 29, 2020 to October 29, 2020. Register will end on October 29, 2022. A total of 9 fragmentary analyzes of the registry data are planned. This fragment of the study presents the results of the post-hospitalization period in COVID-19 survivors after 3 and 6 months. Results. According to the AKTIV register, patients after COVID-19 are characterized by long-term persistent symptoms and frequent seeking for unscheduled medical care, including rehospitalizations. The most common causes of unplanned medical care are uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and/or decompensated type 2 diabetes (T2D). During 3- and 6-month follow-up after hospitalization, 5,6% and 6,4% of patients were diagnosed with other diseases, which were more often presented by HTN, T2D, and CAD. The mortality rate of patients in the post-hospitalization period was 1,9% in the first 3 months and 0,2% for 4-6 months. The highest mortality rate was observed in the first 3 months in the group of patients with class II-IV heart failure, as well as in patients with cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In the pattern of death causes in the post-hospitalization period, following cardiovascular causes prevailed (31,8%): acute coronary syndrome, stroke, acute heart failure. Conclusion. According to the AKTIV register, the health status of patients after COVID-19 in a serious challenge for healthcare system, which requires planning adequate health system capacity to provide care to patients with COVID-19 in both acute and post-hospitalization period

Difficulties of anemia diagnosis in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Cytopenia commonly occurs in case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It can either precede the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia or appear at any time during the disease. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia, immune thrombocytopenia, and partial red cell aplasia are most often found among cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. At the same time, the development of cytopenia may be associated with the displacement of normal hematopoiesis cells by tumor lymphocytes. It is very important to accurately diagnose and identify the cause of cytopenia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, since the prognosis and therapy differ significantly

Follicular lymphoma: results of multicenter study of first-line therapy with bendamustine and rituximab, risk factors for adverse events (fl-rus-2013 protocol)

Background. Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common type of indolent lymphomas and accounts for 20–30 % of all non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas detected. High risk of recurrence and elderly patients make it difficult to choose induction therapy for FL. The R–B course in comparison with the R–CHOP course increases the progressive free survival (PFS) of FL patients and is less toxic. International studies have not studied the efficacy and toxicity of the R–B course due to various cytological types of FL.Aim of the study – assessment of the effectiveness and toxicity of the R–B course (with R support) in general and depending on the different cytological types of FL, the assessment of overall survival (OS) and PFS (adverse events: progression, relapse, death); identification of risk factors for an adverse event in general and death, in particular. The main endpoint of this study is selected BPV.Materials and methods. We performed a prospective, multicenter, open-label trial in Russia since June 1, 2013 till June 1, 2018. The study included 74 patients with FL. Median age of patients was 59 years (from 30 to 78 years). Treatment was completed in 66 patients, so this group of patients was analyzed. Ratio between men and women was 1:2. 32/66 of patients (48 %) were older than 60 years old. Patients received rituximab 375 mg/m2 on day 1 and bendamustine 90 mg/m2 on days 1 and 2 of a 4-week cycle (6 cycles). 49/66 (74 %) of patients were diagnosed with FL grade 1, 10/66 (15 %) – grade 2, 7/66 (11 %) – grade 3A. 34/66 (52 %) patients had nodular tumor growth type, 28/66 (42 %) – nodular-diffuse, 4/66 (6 %) – diffuse. High risk according to FLIPI had 25/59 (42 %) of patients with cytologic grade of FL 1–2 and 7/7 (100 %) of patients with FL grade 3A. Extranodal lesions were revealed in 26/66 (39 %) of cases: in 4/66 of cases – orbit, in 2/66 – parotid gland, in 5/66 – lungs, in 4/66 – intestines, in 2/66 – stomach, 2/66 – pancreas, 2/66 – uterus, 2/66 – skin, 1/66 – subcutaneous tissue, 3/66 – vertebrae, in 1/66 – latticed maze and nasal passages, 1/66 – kidneys, 1/66 – root of the tongue. In 23/26 (88 %) of cases extranodal lesion was revealed in generalized stage of FL (including lymph nodes and bone marrow). Extranodal lesions were found in 37 % of patients with FL grade 1–2, and 57 % with FL grade 3A. Bulky also was observed more frequently in pts with FL grade 3 3/7 (43 %) than in patients with FL grade 1–2 20/59 (34 %). (The risk factors of an adverse event are also its predictors in this study.)Results. Complete remission of disease was achieved in 40/66 (61 %) patients, partial remission – 13/66 (19 %) patients. Tumor progression observed in 11/66 (17 %) cases, patients were withdrawn from the protocol. А partial tumor response was achieved in 2/66 cases (3 %) and patients received high-dose therapy after 4 courses of R–B. Five-year (as well as the 3-year) overall survival (OS) of all patients (n = 66) in R–B was 90 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) 78–96), 5-year PFS – 70 % (95 % CI 55–85) and a 3-year PFS – 75 % (95 % CI 60–89). The cumulative incidence of relapse (considering competing risks of progression and death) at the 3th year after initiation of treatment was 11 % (95 % CI 3–19). The following independent statistically significant (p ≤0.05) predictors of PFS (measured in the onset of the disease) were determined (as a result of a stepwise multivariate cox regression analysis): 1) cytological type of tumor (only type 3A is significant); 2) involvement of nodal zones (more than 4); 3) presence of a conglomerate of tumor lymph nodes larger than 6 cm (bulky); 4) Ki-67 protein expression (more than 35 %). The first 3 characteristics (as well as the sign «presence of extranodal foci», close to the level of significance) are independent statistically significant predictors of OS. In the single factor analysis the following characteristics (besides the above) were significant: index FLIPI (significant only 5 points against all others), bone marrow damage, β2-microglobulin (more than 2.2 mg/L), age (over 68 years) and hemoglobin (less than 110 g/dL).Conclusion 1. The independent negative predictors of OS and PFS in follicular lymphoma were determined. 2. Of the predictors of an adverse event identified, the greatest risk (as a result of a multivariate analysis) is associated with a 3A cytological type of tumor. 3. The FLIPI index has a predictive value not only for the determination of OS, but also for the PFS (moreover, in reduced dichotomous form: 5 points against all the others combined). 4. An increase in the time interval between the first manifestations of follicular lymphoma (lymph node enlargement / appearance of a tumor formation) and the start of therapy beyond a certain threshold value (estimated to be approximately 22 months) is associated (according to the results of univariate analysis) with an increased risk of an adverse event. One of the reasons for the increase in this time interval is associated with expectant medical tactics adopted during the slow development of the clinical picture of the disease. The obtained result shows that the low rate of development of the clinical picture of the disease does not correlate with the low risk of adverse events, and, therefore, cannot be a determining factor when deciding whether to start treatment. 5. The morphology of the tumor is the determining factor in the choice of induction therapy. 6. After achieving full/partial remission of FL, there is a constant risk of recurrence of the disease (by the age of 3 from the termination of treatment, the risk is 11 % (95 % CI 3–19)). 7. The R–B course effectively sanitizes the bone marrow. 8. The R–B allows performing stem cells mobilization and autoSCT that is actual in FL patients with bone marrow involvement. 9. The treatment regimen of R–B is effective and has a relatively low toxicity, so it is advisable in the treatment of elderly patients

International register “Dynamics analysis of comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 survivors” (AKTIV SARS-CoV-2): analysis of predictors of short-term adverse outcomes in COVID-19

The international AKTIV register presents a detailed description of out- and inpatients with COVID-19 in the Eurasian region. It was found that hospitalized patients had more comorbidities. In addition, these patients were older and there were more men than among outpatients. Among the traditional risk factors, obesity and hypertension had a significant negative effect on prognosis, which was more significant for patients 60 years of age and older. Among comorbidities, CVDs had the maximum negative effect on prognosis, and this effect was more significant for patients 60 years of age and older. Among other comorbidities, type 2 and 1 diabetes, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer and anemia had a negative impact on the prognosis. This effect was also more significant (with the exception of type 1 diabetes) for patients 60 years and older. The death risk in patients with COVID-19 depended on the severity and type of multimorbidity. Clusters of diseases typical for deceased patients were identified and their impact on prognosis was determined. The most unfavorable was a cluster of 4 diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and diabetes mellitus. The data obtained should be taken into account when planning measures for prevention (vaccination priority groups), treatment and rehabilitation of COVID-19 survivors

International register “Dynamics analysis of comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 survivors” (AKTIV) and the register “Analysis of hospitalizations of comorbid patients infected during the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak” (AKTIV 2)

The organizer of the registers “Dynamics analysis of comorbidities in SARSCoV-2 survivors” (AKTIV) and “Analysis of hospitalizations of comorbid patients infected during the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak” (AKTIV 2) is the Eurasian Association of Therapists (EAT). Currently, there are no clinical registries in the Eurasian region designed to collect and analyze information on long-term outcomes of COVID-19 survivors with comorbid conditions. The aim of the register is to assess the impact of a novel coronavirus infection on long-term course of chronic non-communicable diseases 3, 6, 12 months after recovery, as well as to obtain information on the effect of comorbidity on the severity of COVID-19. Analysis of hospitalized patients of a possible second wave is planned for register “AKTIV 2”. To achieve this goal, the register will include men and women over 18 years of age diagnosed with COVID-19 who are treated in a hospital or in outpatient basis. The register includes 25 centers in 5 federal districts of the Russian Federation, centers in the Republic of Armenia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Moldova, and the Republic of Uzbekistan. The estimated capacity of the register is 5400 patients

International register “Dynamics analysis of comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 survivors” (AKTIV SARS-CoV-2): analysis of 1,000 patients

COVID-19 is a severe infection with high mortality. The concept of the disease has been shaped to a greater extent on the basis of large registers from the USA, Spain, Italy, and China. However, there is no information on the disease characteristics in Caucasian patients.Therefore, we created an international register with the estimated capacity of 5,000 patients — Dynamics Analysis of Comorbidities in SARS-CoV-2 Survivors (AKTIV SARS-CoV-2), which brought together professionals from the Russian Federation, Republic of Armenia, Republic of Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyz Republic. The article presents the first analysis of the register involving 1,003 patients. It was shown that the most significant difference of the Caucasian population was the higher effect of multimorbidity on the mortality risk vs other registers. More pronounced effect on mortality of such diseases as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and age over 60 years was also revealed