Genetic methods in honey bee breeding

The honey bee Apis mellifera is a rather difficult object for selection due to the peculiarities of its biology. Breeding activities in beekeeping are aimed at obtaining bee colonies with high rates of economically useful traits, such as productivity, resistance to low temperatures and diseases, hygienic behavior, oviposition of the queen, etc. With two apiaries specializing in the breeding of A. m. mellifera and A. m. carnica as examples, the application of genetic methods in the selection of honey bees is considered. The first stage of the work was subspecies identification based on the analysis of the polymorphism of the intergenic mtDNA locus tRNAleu-COII (or COI-COII) and microsatellite nuclear DNA loci Ap243, 4a110, A24, A8, A43, A113, A88, Ap049, A28. This analysis confirmed that the studied colonies correspond to the declared subspecies. In the apiary with A. m. mellifera, hybrid colonies have been identified. A method based on the analysis of polymorphisms of the tRNAleu-COII locus and microsatellite nuclear DNA loci has been developed to identify the dark forest bee A. m. mellifera and does not allow one to differentiate subspecies from C (A. m. carnica and A. m. ligustica) and O (A. m. caucasica) evolutionary lineages from each other. The second stage was the assessment of the allelic diversity of the csd gene. In the apiary containing colonies of A. m. mellifera (N = 15), 20 csd alleles were identified. In the apiary containing colonies of A. m. carnica (N = 44), 41 alleles were identified. Six alleles are shared by both apiaries. DNA diagnostics of bee diseases showed that the studied colonies are healthy. Based on the data obtained, a scheme was developed for obtaining primary material for honey bee breeding, which can subsequently be subjected to selection according to economically useful traits. In addition, the annual assessment of the allelic diversity of the csd gene will shed light on the frequency of formation of new allelic variants and other issues related to the evolution of this gene

Liver pathomorphology of Mus musculus C57BL6 on atherogenic diet

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. Liver plays a huge role in pathogenesis of atherogenic dislipidemia, development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the effect of atherogenic diet on liver morphology in animal model of diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice Mus musculus C57BI6. This strain has a natural ability to develop atherosclerosis, while some other mouse stains has not. After 14 weeks on atherogenic diet a severe hepathomegaly (9% of body mass) and lobular structure deformation was found. We also observed signs of micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, cell apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammatory leukocyte infiltration. So, liver not only plays an important role in dislipidemia, but it is also a target-organ in lipid metabolism imbalance

Genetic markers for the resistance of honey bee to Varroa destructor

In the mid-20th century, the first case of infection of European bees Apis mellifera L. with the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor was recorded. The original host of this mite is the Asian bee Apis cerana. The mite V. destructor was widespread throughout Europe, North and South America, and Australia remained the only continent free from this parasite. Without acaricide treatment any honeybee colony dies within 1–4 years. The use of synthetic acaricides has not justified itself – they make beekeeping products unsuitable and mites develop resistance to them, which forces the use of even greater concentrations that can be toxic to the bees. Therefore, the only safe measure to combat the mite is the use of biological control methods. One of these methods is the selection of bee colonies with natural mite resistance. In this article we summarize publications devoted to the search for genetic markers associated with resistance to V. destructor. The first part discusses the basic mechanisms of bee resistance (Varroa sensitive hygienic behavior and grooming) and methods for their assessment. The second part focuses on research aimed at searching for loci and candidate genes associated with resistance to varroosis by mapping quantitative traits loci and genome-wide association studies. The third part summarizes studies of the transcriptome profile of Varroa resistant bees. The last part discusses the most likely candidate genes – potential markers for breeding Varroa resistant bees. Resistance to the mite is manifested in a variety of phenotypes and is under polygenic control. The establishing of gene pathways involved in resistance to Varroa will help create a methodological basis for the selection of Varroa resistant honeybee colonies

ФЛУОРЕСЦЕНТНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА КАРИЕСА ЗУБОВ

The results obtained in studies of laser-induced fluorescence of the normal and carries-affected dental tissues are presented. The possibility of detection of considerable depth caries with use of the specially designed spectrometric system with excitation by a semiconductor laser source with a wavelength of 684 nm for fluorescence is shown.Приведены результаты исследований лазерно-возбуждаемой флуоресценции тканей зубов в норме и пораженных кариесом. Показано, что при использовании для возбуждения флуоресценции разработанного спектрометрического комплекса с возбуждением полупроводниковым лазерным источником с длиной волны 684 нм возможно детектирование глубоко расположенного кариеса

The effect of antioxidants of vegetable origin on the change of qualitative characteristics of semi-finished fish products in the storage process

The article presents data on the study of the influence of spices - sage, rosemary and ginger, used as a prescription component on the quality indicators of semi-finished fish products. Physical, chemical and organoleptic indicators of the quality of experimental samples have been studied, and the positive effect of spices on the stability of semi-finished fish products during storage have been shown. The use of spices, in particular rosemary and sage, allows to slow down the oxidation process and increase the shelf life of chilled fish semi-products

Liver pathomorphology of Mus musculus C57BL6 on atherogenic diet

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. Liver plays a huge role in pathogenesis of atherogenic dislipidemia, development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the effect of atherogenic diet on liver morphology in animal model of diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice Mus musculus C57BI6. This strain has a natural ability to develop atherosclerosis, while some other mouse stains has not. After 14 weeks on atherogenic diet a severe hepathomegaly (9% of body mass) and lobular structure deformation was found. We also observed signs of micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, cell apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammatory leukocyte infiltration. So, liver not only plays an important role in dislipidemia, but it is also a target-organ in lipid metabolism imbalance

Liver pathomorphology of Mus musculus C57BL6 on atherogenic diet

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. Liver plays a huge role in pathogenesis of atherogenic dislipidemia, development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the effect of atherogenic diet on liver morphology in animal model of diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice Mus musculus C57BI6. This strain has a natural ability to develop atherosclerosis, while some other mouse stains has not. After 14 weeks on atherogenic diet a severe hepathomegaly (9% of body mass) and lobular structure deformation was found. We also observed signs of micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, cell apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammatory leukocyte infiltration. So, liver not only plays an important role in dislipidemia, but it is also a target-organ in lipid metabolism imbalance

Liver pathomorphology of Mus musculus C57BL6 on atherogenic diet

Atherosclerosis is one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide. Liver plays a huge role in pathogenesis of atherogenic dislipidemia, development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. We studied the effect of atherogenic diet on liver morphology in animal model of diet-induced atherosclerosis in mice Mus musculus C57BI6. This strain has a natural ability to develop atherosclerosis, while some other mouse stains has not. After 14 weeks on atherogenic diet a severe hepathomegaly (9% of body mass) and lobular structure deformation was found. We also observed signs of micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, cell apoptosis, fibrosis and inflammatory leukocyte infiltration. So, liver not only plays an important role in dislipidemia, but it is also a target-organ in lipid metabolism imbalance

Fluorescence diagnostics of dental caries

The results obtained in studies of laser-induced fluorescence of the normal and carries-affected dental tissues are presented. The possibility of detection of considerable depth caries with use of the specially designed spectrometric system with excitation by a semiconductor laser source with a wavelength of 684 nm for fluorescence is shown