WEST NILE FEVER WORLDWIDE AND IN THE TERRITORY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2016, AND FORECAST OF EPIDEMIC SITUATION DEVELOPMENT IN 2017

In Europe, as in Russia and Canada, outlined was a tendency to the increase in the morbidity rates, while in the US – the incidence was somewhat lower as compared to previous years. On the whole, West Nile fever incidence rates in the Russian Federation by regions during the epidemic season, 2016 were below the average long-term index. Above the average regional annual incidence rates were registered in the Saratov region only and accounted for 64 % of all reported cases in Russia. Analysis of the monitoring results indicated the circulation of WNF virus markers in carriers of the pathogen in 10 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and the presence of IgG antibodies in healthy population cohorts in 30 RF entities. According to molecular-genetic typing of WNF virus samples from a deceased patient in the Astrakhan Region and mosquito Culex samples from the Volgograd Region, WNF virus genotype I was established. Forecasting of epidemiological situation development for the year 2017 does not rule out the possibility of local increase in WNF incidence in certain regions of Russia

СНИЖЕНИЕ ТЯЖЕСТИ ИШЕМИЧЕСКОГО И РЕПЕРФУЗИОННОГО ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЯ ПОЧЕЧНОГО ТРАНСПЛАНТАТА ПРИ ПОМОЩИ СОЧЕТАННОЙ ПЛАЗМОФИЛЬТРАЦИИ И АДСОРБЦИИ

Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness of coupled plasma filtration and adsorption (CPFA) in reducing the severity of the renal graft ischemic and reperfusion injury. Materials and methods: shortand long-term results of renal transplantation in 33 pairs of recipients were analyzed. The patients were divided into two groups: in 33 recipients of the study group we performed CPFA in the early postoperative period. In the comparison group in 33 recipients with paired grafts CPFA was not performed. Results. The proportion of patients with good initial and delayed graft functions in the two groups was the same. In patients with delayed graft function from the study group a significantly greater rate of creatinine and urea decrease and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increase than in patients of the comparison group were observed. Among patients with good initial graft function the differences between the groups were not significant. We have also analyzed long-term results of the transplantations: patients who received CPFA in the early postoperative period had lower levels of creatinine, urea and daily proteinuria and higher GFR in 1 year time. Thus, as a result of CPFA in the early postoperative period the improvement of graft function and graft survival prognosis can be expected in the long-term. Цель исследования: оценить эффективность сочетанной плазмофильтрации и адсорбции (СПФА) в снижении тяжести ишемического и реперфузионного повреждения почечного трансплантата. Материалы и методы: проанализированы ближайшие и отдаленные результаты трансплантации почки у 33 пар реципиентов. Пациенты разделены на две группы: у 33 реципиентов основной группы проводили СПФА в раннем послеоперационном периоде. У 33 реципиентов группы сравнения, получивших парные почки, СПФА не проводили. Результаты. Доли больных с хорошей начальной и отсроченной функцией трансплантата в двух группах не различались. У пациентов основной группы с отсроченной функцией трансплантата был отмечен значительно больший темп снижения уровня азотемии и роста скорости клубочковой фильтрации (СКФ), чем у больных группы сравнения. Среди больных с хорошей начальной функцией трансплантата различия между группами были не такими значительными. При анализе отдаленных результатов отмечено, что у больных, получивших СПФА в раннем послеоперационном периоде, через год после трансплантации функция трансплантата была лучше: ниже уровни азотемии и суточной протеинурии, выше СКФ. Таким образом, в результате применения СПФА в раннем послеоперационном периоде можно ожидать улучшения функции в долгосрочной перспективе и улучшения прогноза выживаемости трансплантата.

Peculiarities of the Epidemic Situation on West Nile Fever in the Territory of the Russian Federation in 2018 and Forecast of its Development in 2019

The epidemic rise in the incidence of West Nile fever (WNF) in the season of 2018 was observed in the countries of the European Union (EU) and bordering states and exceeded the values of all previously recorded epidemic rises of 2010–2012. An increase in the incidence rate was registered in the USA and Canada, however, it did not exceed the indicators of epidemic rises of 2007–2012. In the territory of the Russian Federation, the WNF epidemiological process became more intense mainly in the territory of the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts. In general, in Russia, the incidence rates were 2 times lower than the average annual rates, but significantly exceeded those of 2017. The epidemic process had a number of peculiarities in the seasonality, the structure of morbidity and the clinical manifestation of WNF. Genotyping of the isolated WNV RNA fragments from clinical and biological material showed that I, II and IV West Nile virus genotypes were circulating in the European part of Russia. Forecast of epidemic situation development in 2019 reveals further increase in the incidence and does not exclude the possibility of a significant localincrease of WNF incidence in certain regions of Russia

Uncovering a Macrophage Transcriptional Program by Integrating Evidence from Motif Scanning and Expression Dynamics

Macrophages are versatile immune cells that can detect a variety of pathogen-associated molecular patterns through their Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In response to microbial challenge, the TLR-stimulated macrophage undergoes an activation program controlled by a dynamically inducible transcriptional regulatory network. Mapping a complex mammalian transcriptional network poses significant challenges and requires the integration of multiple experimental data types. In this work, we inferred a transcriptional network underlying TLR-stimulated murine macrophage activation. Microarray-based expression profiling and transcription factor binding site motif scanning were used to infer a network of associations between transcription factor genes and clusters of co-expressed target genes. The time-lagged correlation was used to analyze temporal expression data in order to identify potential causal influences in the network. A novel statistical test was developed to assess the significance of the time-lagged correlation. Several associations in the resulting inferred network were validated using targeted ChIP-on-chip experiments. The network incorporates known regulators and gives insight into the transcriptional control of macrophage activation. Our analysis identified a novel regulator (TGIF1) that may have a role in macrophage activation

The Tumor-Immune Microenvironment and Response to Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy and radiation therapy (RT) are standard therapeutic modalities for patients with cancer, including breast cancer. Historic studies examining tissue and cellular responses to RT have predominantly focused on damage caused to proliferating malignant cells leading to their death. However, there is increasing evidence that RT also leads to significant alterations in the tumor microenvironment, particularly with respect to effects on immune cells infiltrating tumors. This review focuses on tumor-associated immune cell responses following RT and discusses how immune responses may be modified to enhance durability and efficacy of RT

The Effect of Antimicrobial Drugs Tylocolinum, Tetragold and Cidisept-o on Escherichia coli Ultrastructure

As a result of wide antibiotics, sulfonamides and other antimicrobial agents usage for the therapy of the animals with the bacterial infections caused by various causative agents including Escherichia coli, many microorganisms gained resistance to the chemotherapeutic agents. New combined drugs are being worked out during recent years, the components of which have various influence mechanisms on the bacterial cell that helps to provide resistance forming control. The results of the researches of the new antimicrobial agents, containing antibiotics in their composition, and non-antibiotic agent influence on the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli are represented in this study. 5-hour Escherichia coli 866 culture was processed by the drugs of the minimum bactericidal (Tylocolinum-0.39 µg/ml, Tetragold-6.25 µg/ml, Cidisept-o-25 µg/ml) and 4-time concentrations during 3 hours. Samples and control culture (without drugs) were fixed by the 2.5% glutaricdialdehyde on the s-Collidine Buffer, dehydrated in the ethanol with rising concentration, filled in epoxies. Ultrathin slices were stained by 2% water solution of uranyl acetate and lead citrate for 10 minutes. Then they were examined with the use of the electron microscope JEM-100 CX II by JEOL. The research showed deep ultrastructural changes in Escherichia coli cells under the antimicrobial agent influence determined by synergistic effect of combined Tylocolinum and Tetragold drugs components, possessing various bacteria influencing mechanisms, and aldehyde that is a component of Cidisept-o. The electron microscopy usage allows to get unique information about the impact consequences of the traditional improved drugs and new drugs with antimicrobial activity on the bacterial infectious agents