Using the M13 Phage as a Biotemplate to Create Mesoporous Structures Decorated with Gold and Platinum Nanoparticles

By taking advantage of the physical and chemical properties of the M13 bacteriophage, we have used this virus to synthesize mesoporous silica structures. Major coat protein p8 was chemically modified by attaching thiol groups. As we show, the resulting thiolated phage can be used as a biotemplate able to direct the formation of mesoporous silica materials. Simultaneously, this thiol functionality acts as an anchor for binding metal ions, such as Au³⁺ and Pt⁴⁺, forming reactive M13–metal ionic complexes which evolve into metal nanoparticles (NPs) trapped in the mesoporous network. Interestingly, Au³⁺ ions are reduced to Au⁰ NPs by the protein residues without requiring an external reducing agent. Likewise, silica mesostructures decorated with Au and Pt NPs are prepared in a one-pot synthesis and characterized using different techniques. The obtained results allow us to propose a mechanism of formation. In addition, gold-containing mesoporous structures are tested for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) and methylene blue (MB) in the presence of NaBH₄. Although all of the gold-containing catalysts exhibit catalytic activity, those obtained with thiolated phages present a better performance than that obtained with M13 alone. This behavior is ascribed to the position of the Au NPs, which are partially embedded in the wall of the final mesostructures

Biomimetic Sol–Gel Synthesis of TiO₂ and SiO₂ Nanostructures

We report the heptapeptide-mediated biomineralization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles from titanium alkoxides. We evaluated the influence of pH on the biomineralized products and found that nanostructured TiO₂ was formed in the absence of external ions (water only) at pH ∼ 6.5. Several variants (mutants) of the peptides with different properties (i.e., different charges, isoelectric points (p<i>I</i>s), and sequences) were designed and tested in biomineralization experiments. Acid-catalyzed experiments were run using the H1 (HKKPSKS) peptide at room temperature, which produced anatase nanoparticles (∼5 nm in size) for the first time via a heptapeptide and sol–gel approach. In addition, the peptide H1 was used to synthesize SiO₂ nanoparticles. The influence of the pH and the added ions were monitored: at higher pH levels (8–9), SiO₂ nanoparticles (20–30 nm in size) were obtained. In addition, whereas borate and Tris ions allowed the formation of colloidal systems, phosphate ions were unable to produce sols. The results presented here demonstrate that biomineralization depends on the sequence and charge of the peptide, and ions in solution can optimize the formation of nanostructures

A Biological Approach for the Synthesis of Bismuth Nanoparticles: Using Thiolated M13 Phage as Scaffold

We report the synthesis of Bi nanoparticles (Bi NPs) using the M13 phage as scaffold. The p8 protein of the phage is functionalized with thiol groups of different lengths, and these thiolated regions act as nucleation centers for Bi³⁺ ions. The size distribution, shape, and resilience to oxidation of the Bi NPs depend on the length of the thiol group used. The NPs are characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman, and IR spectroscopies, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization, and optical absorption. These results show that the nanoparticles are crystalline and have a typical diameter of ∼3.0 nm. The method of preparation presented here is reproducible and implies “greener” conditions than those reported elsewhere. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of bismuth nanoparticles synthesized by a biomineralization method