25 research outputs found
Effect of the technological conditions of frictional treatment on the structure, phase composition and hardening of metastable austenitic steel
The process parameters of the frictional treatment (indenter material, medium, load) of the 12Kh18N10T chromium-nickel austenitic steel have been optimized for the criteria of strain hardening and the quality of the surface being treated. The paper studies effect of the multiplicity of the frictional action of a synthetic diamond indenter at room temperature in an argon medium and the loading temperature ranging between -196Β°C and +250Β°C on the hardening, phase composition and fine structure of the surface layer of the steel. It has been found that the completeness of the strain-induced Ξ³βΞ±β² martensitic transformation in the surface layer of the steel is strongly dependent on the multiplicity and temperature of loading and that the level of hardening rises with the multiplicity of action, but shows little dependence on the temperature of frictional treatment. Β© 2016 Author(s).Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Β RFBR: 15-08-0794701201354598Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,Β UB RAS: 15-9-12-45The work was done in the framework of the Complex Program of UB RAS (project No. 15-9-12-45) and the government assignment for IES UB RAS, theme No. 01201354598 supported by RFBR, project No. 15-08-07947
Increasing the micromechanical and tribological characteristics of an austenitic steel by surface deformation processing
Frictional treatment (FT) with a sliding indenter forms highly dispersed (nano- and submicrocrystalline) austenitic structures with a hardness of 720 HV 0.025 in the surface layer of the 03Cr16Ni14Mo3Ti austenitic strain-resistant steel. According to the data on microindentation, FT increases the strength and of the surface layer of the austenitic steel and its resistance to elastic and plastic deformation. A high effectiveness of FT in the improvement of the tribological properties of the steel is demonstrated; namely, wear resistance increases 4 times under conditions of boundary friction as compared to the undeformed state. This is due to reduced plastic edging on the nanostructured surface. Β© 2018 Author(s)
Improving the scratch test properties of plasma-nitrided stainless austenitic steel by preliminary nanostructuring frictional treatment
The paper studies the effect of nanostructuring deformation surface processing - frictional treatment performed prior to the operation of nitriding in electron beam plasma - on the quality of the surface and tribological properties of the nitrided layer of the AISI 321 chromium-nickel austenitic steel. For the surface layers nitrided in the undeformed coarse-crystalline and nanostructured states, considerable differences in the critical loads and the fracture patterns under scratch testing are observed, despite practically the same microhardness of the nitrided surfaces under study. It is demonstrated that preliminary frictional treatment increases the rupture strength of the nitrided layer under scratch testing and stabilizes the tribological properties of the surface on the macroscopic scale. Β© 2018 Author(s)
Eddy-current testing of fatigue degradation in additionally heat-treated gas powder laser clad NiCrBSi coating under contact fatigue loading
The paper studies the applicability of eddy-current technique to testing fatigue degradation in Ni-18.2Cr-3.3B-4.2Si coating, produced by gas powder laser cladding and subjected to additional high-temperature annealing at 1025 Β°C, under contact loading. It is demonstrated that eddy-current testing of fatigue degradation in Ni-18.2Cr-3.3B-4.2Si coating under contact loading after high-temperature annealing has certain limitations caused by the high brittleness of this coating. In this case, it is possible to test only a sharp increase in the sizes of contact damages, which occurs at 8Γ10 5 cycles under these loading conditions and results from the formation of a great number of peripheral ring cracks in the fracture zone; the eddy-current readings Ξ± decrease due to the increasing electrical resistivity of the coating. Testing can be performed by eddy-current measurements at high excitation frequencies of an eddy-current transducer (f=72-120 kHz), when the effect of the ferromagnetic steel base on the eddy-current readings Ξ± is minimum. Β© 2018 Author(s)
Effect of preliminary nanostructuring frictional treatment on the efficiency of nitriding of metastable austenitic steel in electron beam plasma
The paper studies the effect of the temperature of nitriding in electron beam plasma, ranging between 250 and 500 Β°, on the nitrogen concentration, phase composition and microhardness of the surface of the AISI 321 chromium-nickel austenitic steel in two initial states - quenched undeformed and after nanostructuring frictional treatment. The lowest nitriding temperature (350 Β°C) for the efficient hardening of the steel has been established. The application of frictional pretreatment with a sliding synthetic diamond indenter in an argon environment is shown to be highly efficient for increasing the depth of the layer nitrided at this temperature. The contribution of the formed S-phase (nitrogen-oversaturated austenite Ξ³N) to the intensive hardening of the steel nitrided at low temperatures (300 to 400 Β°) is noted. Β© 2017 Author(s).01201354598Russian Foundation for Basic Research,Β RFBR: 15-08-07947Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences,Β UB RAS: 15-9-12-45,Β 01201463331The work was done in the framework of the Complex Program of UB RAS (project No. 15-9-12-45), within the state order on the subject βStructureβ (No. 01201463331), the government assignment for IES UB RAS (theme No. 01201354598) and supported by RFBR, project No. 15-08-07947
Eddy-current testing of fatigue degradation upon contact fatigue loading of gas powder laser clad NiCrBSi-Cr 3 C 2 composite coating
The possibilities of the eddy-current method for testing the fatigue degradation under contact loading of gas powder laser clad NiCrBSi-Cr 3 C 2 composite coating with 15 wt.% of Cr 3 C 2 additive have been investigated. It is shown that the eddy-current testing of the fatigue degradation under contact loading of the NiCrBSi-15%Cr 3 C 2 composite coating can be performed at high excitation frequencies 72-120 kHz of the eddy-current transducer. At that, the dependences of the eddy-current instrument readings on the number of loading cycles have both downward and upward branches, with the boundary between the branches being 3Γ10 5 cycles in the given loading conditions. This is caused, on the one hand, by cracking, and, on the other hand, by cohesive spalling and compaction of the composite coating, which affect oppositely the material resistivity and, correspondingly, the eddy-current instrument readings. The downward branch can be used to monitor the processes of crack formation and growth, the upward branch - to monitor the degree of cohesive spalling, while taking into account in the testing methodology an ambiguous character of the dependences of the eddy-current instrument readings on the number of loading cycles. Β© 2017 Author(s)
Cognitive-perceptive features and communicative orientation of nominative meaning of the verbs of olfactory semantics in French
The article deals with systemic-structural possibilities of the verbal nomination of the French language in the field of description of a smell as a result of the olfactory perceptio
ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ―βΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ―βΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠβΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯βΠ£ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ
The article shows the results on soil recycling of municipal waste. The authors declare that application of unique fertilizers dosed economically efficient does not influence much the qualities of grey forest soil plough-layer. Single application of wastewater sludge dosed as 12t/ha increases humus concentration, cation exchange capacity and environmental pH becomes weakly alkaline. The paper finds out that efficient application of wastewater sludge doesnβt make effect on element burden and doesnβt break ecological balance. The authors conduct research on soil recycling of municipal waste with lime, which causes alkalinization of the soil in order to reduce migration mobility of heavy metals, which restrict their application. The research has shown that all parameters of total heavy metals were lower than admissible concentration unit in the years of fertilizing and in the following years. Soil pollution was minimal according to all criteria. The authors estimated bioenergetics efficiency of single application of wastewater sludge dosed as 12 t/ha when growing potato. Single application of wastewater sludge dosed as 12 t/ha demonstrated that wastewater sludge is high energy fertilizer. Stacking energy in extra yield at single application of wastewater sludge increased energy coefficient for the 3d year. This contributes to soil recycling of wastewater sludge as a fertilizer in case of biogeo-chemical monitoring of heavy metals concentration in the soil for growing environmentally sound production.ΠΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²Β ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π°Ρ
Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
Π»Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ². ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ (ΠΠ‘Π) Π²Β Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 12 Ρ/Π³Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΠΌΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΌΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, pH ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΒ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ‘Π Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΡ ΠΈΒ Π½Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡ. Π‘Β ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ‘Π ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΒ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΡΡ, Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Β Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΒ Π²Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅ ΠΠΠ. Π£ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π±ΠΈΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΒ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ‘Π Π²Β Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 12 Ρ/Π³Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ‘Π Π²Β Π΄ΠΎΠ·Π΅ 12 Ρ/Π³Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Β ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ‘Π ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΒ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ‘Π Π²Β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ³Π΅ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π²Β ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°
The object of the study was Holstein cows of the second-fourth milk secretion and first-calf cows of different production groups formed depending on the physiological status of the animals. The most pronounced hematological changes were observed in sexually mature cows during the first three months of milk secretion. After fawning, the number of erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and hemoglobin decreased. The concentration of bloodforming elements in the groups with a first-calf cow was significantly higher than in sexually mature cows. The level of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in first-calf cows reaches its maximum value at the beginning of milk secretion. Sexually mature cows after the first month of milk secretion were statistically significantly superior to first-calf cows at the beginning of milk secretion in terms of granulocyte content. Cows, in the first days of milk secretion, had the most fantastic range of variability in the scope of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and hemoglobin, which reflects the individual response of the body to significant changes in physiological status. At the same time, the first-calf cows at the beginning of milk secretion had the most stable level of these hematological indices. Dry cows, as a rule, occupied an intermediate position regarding the variability of the content of blood form elements. Thus, assessing the hematological profile of cows of different production groups helps specialists make targeted adjustments to rations and housing conditions, effectively manage genetic resources and obtain high profits.ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ, ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»Π° Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π»ΠΈΠΌΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°. Π Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ
Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π° Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ° Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π£ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π½ΠΈ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π»Π΅ΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π³Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. Π‘ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠ»ΠΈ