Single crystal surface work function and desorption studies Final report

Single crystal surface work function and desorption studie

Use of inedible wheat residues from the KSC-CELSS breadboard facility for production of fungal cellulase

Cellulose and xylan (a hemicellulose) comprise 50 percent of inedible wheat residue (which is 60 percent of total wheat biomass) produced in the Kennedy Space Center Closed Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Breadboard Biomass Production Chamber (BPC). These polysaccharides can be converted by enzymatic hydrolysis into useful monosaccharides, thus maximizing the use of BPC volume and energy, and minimizing waste material to be treated. The evaluation of CELSS-derived wheat residues for production for cellulase enzyme complex by Trichoderma reesei and supplemental beta-glucosidase by Aspergillus phoenicis is in progress. Results to date are given

Asserting the Seventh Amendment: An Argument for the Right to a Jury Trial when Only Back Pay is Sought Under the Americans with Disabilities Act

Juries usually decide whether a defendant\u27s conduct in a tort suit conforms to the standard required by law.\u27 The jury provides a source of community values when it decides the reasonableness of a party\u27s conduct. The jury performs an important role in this regard on issues invoking community values, where judges and juries most frequently come to different conclusions. The Americans with Disabilities Act ( ADA) creates a right to sue for disability-based discrimination and to recover damages similar to those in a tort suit. Among other issues, a jury may decide if an employer made reasonable accommodations for a disabled employee. When reasonable accommodations are not made, the presumption is that an employer has discriminated against the adversely affected employee. By determining whether an employer has made a reasonable accommodation, juries ensure that society\u27s conception of reasonableness shapes employers\u27 compliance with the ADA. Furthermore, the right to have a jury determine the liabilities of parties in all legal claims has been cemented in the Seventh Amendment. This Note argues that the right to a jury trial plays an important role in ADA litigation, and that it should be provided even where back pay is the only remedy sought. This rule not only makes sound policy, but the Seventh Amendment requires it. When the ADA was enacted in 1990, the remedies available were the same as those listed in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.9 Congress intended that the remedies for discrimination on the basis of race and sex prohibited by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 would be the same as those for discrimination on the basis of disability, even if Title VII was amended. These remedies included enjoining an employer from engaging in unlawful conduct, ordering the reinstatement or hiring of employees, awarding back pay, or any other equi-reasonable accomodation is a case-by-case determination

Behavior of various adsorbates on metal substrates quarterly progress report no. 3, 1 dec. 1964 - 28 feb. 1965

Vacuum breakdown studies - surface kinetics of adsorbed layers by field emission, sputtering of metallic surfaces, and electron interactions with adsorbed layers on metallic surface

Negative priming and stimulus repetition: a reply to Neill and Joordens

Journal ArticleNegative priming is reliably obtained with repeated items, but not with novel items. Here, we review why these stimulus repetition effects raise problems for memory based theories of negative priming. Furthermore, we provide empirical evidence casting doubt on Neill and Joordens's (2002) claimthat perceptual facilitation masks the effects of episodic retrieval with novel items. Finally, we discuss several theoretical and methodological issues raised in the reply by Neill and Joordens. We conclude that a more straightforward interpretation of these stimulus repetition effects is one based on activation-sensitive inhibition

Mental Workload of Voice Interactions with 6 Real-World Driver Interfaces

Hands-free voice interaction is an increasingly common option in new vehicles. Recent research suggests that hands-free interactions with speech-to-text systems may require significantly more cognitive effort than previously anticipated. This high level of mental workload may both keep drivers from using the technology and potentially create additional safety concerns for the driver. However, little prior research has measured the cognitive demands of simple voice based tasks using real-world systems. The current study evaluated the mental demands of a small set of auditory-vocal vehicle commands using five 2013 and one 2012 model year OEM infotainment systems. Results indicate that well executed voice systems impose little additional cognitive demand while poorly executed systems may significantly elevate workload

On the Fast Lane to Road Rage

Aggressive driving and road rage are increasing. The factors that trigger road rage are not well understood. The first goal of this study was to identify conditions likely to lead to aggressive driving/road rage. The second goal was to develop a paradigm that allows for the controlled study of road rage in the laboratory setting. A total of forty-five drivers participated in the study. Twenty-three drivers received non-contingent instructions that emphasized safely driving to a rest stop. The remaining drivers received contingent instructions that added a $10 monetary incentive if they arrived at the rest stop in the top 50% of all drivers. Participants drove in two scenarios (regular / irregular flow) in a high fidelity driving simulator. We recorded cardiovascular reactivity while driving, and measured driving-related anger after completing each scenario. Overall, the driving task evoked minimal changes in blood pressure. However, an incentive by gender interaction for systolic blood pressure (SBP) reactivity indicated that males in the contingent incentive condition displayed greater SBP responses than males in the noncontingent incentive condition or females in the contingent incentive condition. Contingent versus non-contingent incentives had no effect on females’ SBP response. We found no effect of incentive or traffic flow on anger, though analysis on an individual level indicated that some subjects were affected by the manipulation of driving condition. The present findings provide psychophysiological evidence that driving under time pressure and in irregular traffic flow may contribute to the genesis of road rage

Simulator Training Improves Driver Efficiency: Transfer from the Simulator to the Real World

Here we report the results of a fuel management simulation study to quantify the improvement in fuel efficiency for CDL truck drivers. Forty drivers were selected from a local commercial trucking company that maintained precise records on drivers’ history, fuel efficiency, type of vehicles driven, and trucking routes. These drivers participated in a two-hour training program that focused on ways to optimize shifting to maximize fuel efficiency (e.g., progressive shifting, double clutching, timing, and appropriate gear selection). Transfer of training was assessed over a six-month interval using measures of fuel consumption obtained by drivers in their own vehicles driving their normal route. Training increased fuel efficiency by an average of 2.8% over the six-month interval. Analyses indicated that the benefits of training persisted throughout the posttraining interval. These training benefits were obtained even for the subset of drivers who changed vehicles after training, indicating that drivers learned a general skill that transferred from one vehicle to another. Additional analyses focused on which drivers benefited the most from training. We sorted the drivers into one of four groups, based on pre-training fuel efficiency. Our analysis indicated that those drivers with the lowest pre-training fuel efficiency benefited most from training (with over 7% improvement in fuel efficiency), while those with the highest pre-training fuel efficiency did not benefit significantly from training. Together, our data validated the transfer of simulator training to realworld driving, as drivers incorporated the methods of optimal shifting into their driving practices. Moreover, the benefits of training appear to be durable and tend to benefit most those drivers whose performance was initially below the median on fuel efficienc