18,583 research outputs found
Quantum Locality?
Robert Griffiths has recently addressed, within the framework of a
'consistent quantum theory' that he has developed, the issue of whether, as is
often claimed, quantum mechanics entails a need for faster-than-light transfers
of information over long distances. He argues that the putative proofs of this
property that involve hidden variables include in their premises some
essentially classical-physics-type assumptions that are fundamentally
incompatible with the precepts of quantum physics. One cannot logically prove
properties of a system by establishing, instead, properties of a system
modified by adding properties alien to the original system. Hence Griffiths'
rejection of hidden-variable-based proofs is logically warranted. Griffiths
mentions the existence of a certain alternative proof that does not involve
hidden variables, and that uses only macroscopically described observable
properties. He notes that he had examined in his book proofs of this general
kind, and concluded that they provide no evidence for nonlocal influences. But
he did not examine the particular proof that he cites. An examination of that
particular proof by the method specified by his 'consistent quantum theory'
shows that the cited proof is valid within that restrictive version of quantum
theory. An added section responds to Griffiths' reply, which cites general
possibilities of ambiguities that make what is to be proved ill-defined, and
hence render the pertinent 'consistent framework' ill defined. But the vagaries
that he cites do not upset the proof in question, which, both by its physical
formulation and by explicit identification, specify the framework to be used.
Griffiths confirms the validity of the proof insofar as that framework is used.
The section also shows, in response to Griffiths' challenge, why a putative
proof of locality that he has described is flawed.Comment: This version adds a response to Griffiths' reply to my original. It
notes that Griffiths confirms the validity of my argument if one uses the
framework that I use. Griffiths' objection that other frameworks exist is not
germaine, because I use the unique one that satisfies the explicitly stated
conditions that the choices be macroscopic choices of experiments and
outcomes in a specified orde
The effect of reionization on the COBE normalization
We point out that the effect of reionization on the microwave anisotropy
power spectrum is not necessarily negligible on the scales probed by COBE. It
can lead to an upward shift of the COBE normalization by more than the
one-sigma error quoted ignoring reionization. We provide a fitting function to
incorporate reionization into the normalization of the matter power spectrum.Comment: 3 pages LaTeX file with three figures incorporated (uses mn.sty and
epsf
Cosmic Gravitational Shear from the HST Medium Deep Survey
We present a measurement of cosmic shear on scales ranging from 10\arcsec
to 2\arcmin in 347 WFPC2 images of random fields. Our result is based on
shapes measured via image fitting and on a simple statistical technique;
careful calibration of each step allows us to quantify our systematic
uncertainties and to measure the cosmic shear down to very small angular
scales. The WFPC2 images provide a robust measurement of the cosmic shear
signal decreasing from at 10\arcsec to at 130\arcsec .Comment: 4 pages 2 Postscript figures, uses emulateapj.cls Astrophysical
Journal Letters, December 1, 200
Reflection above the barrier as tunneling in momentum space
Quantum mechanics predicts an exponentially small probability that a particle
with energy greater than the height of a potential barrier will nevertheless
reflect from the barrier in violation of classical expectations. This process
can be regarded as tunneling in momentum space, leading to a simple derivation
of the reflection probability.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, submitted to American Journal of Physics. Version
2: MIT preprint number added, typographical error in caption to Figure 2
correcte
Cosmic microwave background constraints on the epoch of reionization
We use a compilation of cosmic microwave anisotropy data to constrain the
epoch of reionization in the Universe, as a function of cosmological
parameters. We consider spatially-flat cosmologies, varying the matter density
(the flatness being restored by a cosmological constant), the Hubble
parameter and the spectral index of the primordial power spectrum. Our
results are quoted both in terms of the maximum permitted optical depth to the
last-scattering surface, and in terms of the highest allowed reionization
redshift assuming instantaneous reionization. For critical-density models,
significantly-tilted power spectra are excluded as they cannot fit the current
data for any amount of reionization, and even scale-invariant models must have
an optical depth to last scattering of below 0.3. For the currently-favoured
low-density model with and a cosmological constant, the
earliest reionization permitted to occur is at around redshift 35, which
roughly coincides with the highest estimate in the literature. We provide
general fitting functions for the maximum permitted optical depth, as a
function of cosmological parameters. We do not consider the inclusion of tensor
perturbations, but if present they would strengthen the upper limits we quote.Comment: 9 pages LaTeX file with ten figures incorporated (uses mn.sty and
epsf). Corrects some equation typos, superseding published versio
Consistent Quantum Counterfactuals
An analysis using classical stochastic processes is used to construct a
consistent system of quantum counterfactual reasoning. When applied to a
counterfactual version of Hardy's paradox, it shows that the probabilistic
character of quantum reasoning together with the ``one framework'' rule
prevents a logical contradiction, and there is no evidence for any mysterious
nonlocal influences. Counterfactual reasoning can support a realistic
interpretation of standard quantum theory (measurements reveal what is actually
there) under appropriate circumstances.Comment: Minor modifications to make it agree with published version. Latex 8
pages, 2 figure
Surface spin-flop phases and bulk discommensurations in antiferromagnets
Phase diagrams as a function of anisotropy D and magnetic field H are
obtained for discommensurations and surface states for a model antiferromagnet
in which is parallel to the easy axis. The surface spin-flop phase exists
for all . We show that there is a region where the penetration length of the
surface spin-flop phase diverges. Introducing a discommensuration of even
length then becomes preferable to reconstructing the surface. The results are
used to clarify and correct previous studies in which discommensurations have
been confused with genuine surface spin-flop states.Comment: 4 pages, RevTeX, 2 Postscript figure
Complex X-ray spectral variability in Mkn 421 observed with XMM-Newton
The bright blazar Mkn 421 has been observed four times for uninterrupted
durations of ~ 9 - 13 hr during the performance verification and calibration
phases of the XMM-Newton mission. The source was strongly variable in all
epochs, with variability amplitudes that generally increased to higher energy
bands. Although the detailed relationship between soft (0.1 - 0.75 keV) and
hard (2 - 10 keV) band differed from one epoch to the next, in no case was
there any evidence for a measurable interband lag, with robust upper limits of
hr in the best-correlated light curves. This is in conflict
with previous claims of both hard and soft lags of ~1 hr in this and other
blazars. However, previous observations suffered a repeated 1.6 hr feature
induced by the low-Earth orbital period, a feature that is not present in the
uninterrupted XMM-Newton data. The new upper limit on leads to a lower
limit on the magnetic field strength and Doppler factor of B \delta^{1/3} \gs
4.7 G, mildly out of line with the predictions from a variety of homogeneous
synchrotron self-Compton emission models in the literature of G. Time-dependent spectral fitting was performed on all epochs,
and no detectable spectral hysteresis was seen. We note however that the source
exhibited significantly different spectral evolutionary behavior from one epoch
to the next, with the strongest correlations in the first and last and an
actual divergance between soft and hard X-ray bands in the third. This
indicates that the range of spectral variability behavior in Mkn 421 is not
fully described in these short snippets; significantly longer uninterrupted
light curves are required, and can be obtained with XMM-Newton.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figures, accepted for ApJ, scheduled for August 1, 200
Types of quantum information
Quantum, in contrast to classical, information theory, allows for different
incompatible types (or species) of information which cannot be combined with
each other. Distinguishing these incompatible types is useful in understanding
the role of the two classical bits in teleportation (or one bit in one-bit
teleportation), for discussing decoherence in information-theoretic terms, and
for giving a proper definition, in quantum terms, of ``classical information.''
Various examples (some updating earlier work) are given of theorems which
relate different incompatible kinds of information, and thus have no
counterparts in classical information theory.Comment: Minor changes so as to agree with published versio
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