82 research outputs found
Reporting and Interpreting Intentions in Defamation Law
The interpretation and the indirect reporting of a speaker’s communicative intentions lie at the crossroad between pragmatics, argumentation theory, and forensic linguistics. Since the leading case Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., in the United States the legal problem of determining the truth of a quotation is essentially equated with the correctness of its indirect reporting, i.e. the representation of the speaker’s intentions. For this reason, indirect reports are treated as interpretations of what the speaker intends to communicate. Theoretical considerations, aimed at establishing the pragmatic meaning of an utterance and differentiating between presumptive and non-presumptive interpretation, are thus interwoven with the practical legal need of distinguishing a correct indirect report from an indirect one or a misquotation. An incorrect report or a misquotation has the dialectical effect of attributing to the misquoted party commitments that he never held, which the latter needs to rebut. This shifting of the burden of persuasion can be increased by using strategically the conflict between the presumptive interpretation of an utterance and the non-presumptive one, i.e. the different types of pragmatic ambiguity. When an interpreter is confronted with an utterance taken out of its dialogical context, his interpretative process is not guided by the actual context or intention, but rather the most frequent or prototypical dialogical setting or the most typical individual purpose that it could have served to achieve. This presumptive reconstruction can be used to provide a prima facie case that the other party needs to reject. The stronger the interpretative presumptions a speaker needs to rebut, the more effective the misquotation strategy. The conflict between the systematic and the presumptive process of interpretation can be represented as an argumentative mechanism of reconstruction of the individual intention, which allows one to assess the reasonableness of the interpretative reasoning
Solvent effects in density functional calculations of uracil and cytosine tautomerism
The effects of the solvent on the tautomeric equilibria of cytosine and uracil are studied using Onsager's reaction field model in the framework of density functional theory. In this model, the solute molecule is placed in a spherical cavity of radius ao immersed in a continuous medium with a dielectric constant e, treating the solute‐solvent electrostatic interactions at the dipole level. The cavity radius is evaluated by determining the molecular volume with a quantum mechanical approach. The solvent effect brings significant changes in the geometrical parameters of some cytosine tautomers, but only very small changes to those of the uracil tautomers. Our results are in good agreement with available experimental results and confirm that the polarization of the solute by the continuum has important effects on the absolute and relative solvation energies. Frequency shifts and intensity variations in the infrared spectra due to the presence of the solvent are also presented
A density functional study of tautomerism of uracil and cytosine
The structure and the relative energies of all possible tautomeric forms of the uracil and cytosine molecules have been determined using both local and gradient-corrected density functional methods. The calculations have been performed with double-zeta plus polarization basis sets and the geometries optimized with analytic gradient techniques. The vibrational frequencies and the contribution of the zero-point energies have also been computed. In the uracil case, the dioxo form is predicted to be the most stable. In the cytosine case, three tautomers are found to be very close in energy with the oxo-amino form slightly more stable. The infrared absorption intensities and frequencies for the uracil and the two more stable tautomeric forms of the cytosine molecules are reported and compared with experimental spectra. The agreement with experiment and correlated ab-initio methods is good for geometries, energetics, and vibrational frequencies. © 1994 American Chemical Society
Storia di un caso: intervalli di confidenza per una proporzione per la regolazione della qualita' del servizio nel settore energetico nazionale
Small clusters of water molecules using density functional theory
Sviluppo e Studi Superior! in Sardegna (CRS4). The geometries, interaction energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of water clusters (with up to 8 molecules) have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) at the gradient corrected level. The water monomer and water dimer calculations have been used as benchmarks to investigate different choices for basis sets and density functionals. Our results for larger clusters agree with both available high-level ab initio calculations and experimental information. The calculations of the vibrational frequencies and IR absorption intensities for the larger clusters, for which no other reliable quantum-chemical calculation is available, are presented to facilitate the frequency assignment of experimental spectra.Fil:Estrin, D.A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina
Evidence quality variations and claim acceptance: An experimental investigation of the role of distraction and dilution
Small clusters of water molecules using density functional theory
The geometries, interaction energies, and harmonic vibrational frequencies of water clusters (with up to 8 molecules) have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) at the gradient corrected level. The water monomer and water dimer calculations have been used as benchmarks to investigate different choices for basis sets and density functionals. Our results for larger clusters agree with both available high-level ab initio calculations and experimental information. The calculations of the vibrational frequencies and IR absorption intensities for the larger clusters, for which no other reliable quantum-chemical calculation is available, are presented to facilitate the frequency assignment of experimental spectra
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