Evidence and future scenarios of a low-carbon energy transition in Central America: a case study in Nicaragua

The global carbon emissions budget over the next decades depends critically on the choices made by fast-growing emerging economies. Few studies exist, however, that develop country-specific energy system integration insights that can inform emerging economies in this decision-making process. High spatial- and temporal-resolution power system planning is central to evaluating decarbonization scenarios, but obtaining the required data and models can be cost prohibitive, especially for researchers in low, lower-middle income economies. Here, we use Nicaragua as a case study to highlight the importance of high-resolution open access data and modeling platforms to evaluate fuel-switching strategies and their resulting cost of power under realistic technology, policy, and cost scenarios (2014-2030). Our results suggest that Nicaragua could cost-effectively achieve a low-carbon grid (≥80%, based on non-large hydro renewable energy generation) by 2030 while also pursuing multiple development objectives. Regional cooperation (balancing) enables the highest wind and solar generation (18% and 3% by 2030, respectively), at the least cost (US$127 MWh-1). Potentially risky resources (geothermal and hydropower) raise system costs but do not significantly hinder decarbonization. Oil price sensitivity scenarios suggest renewable energy to be a more cost-effective long-term investment than fuel oil, even under the assumption of prevailing cheap oil prices. Nicaragua's options illustrate the opportunities and challenges of power system decarbonization for emerging economies, and the key role that open access data and modeling platforms can play in helping develop low-carbon transition pathways

Analysis of success-dependent factors of green bonds financing of infrastructure projects in Ghana

Globally, Green Bonds have experienced a fair share of handicaps within the countries of issuance. In lieu of Ghana announcing the possibility of its first green bonds, it is crucial that lessons are taken from past developments to reinforce the prospects of a salutary roll out. This paper explores factors recommended as success-dependent in the Ghanaian markets. A quantitative approach is employed. Twelve factors are extracted from a review of available literature and converted into a questionnaire targeted at professionals in financial institutions. This included, managers, financial analysts, as well as top management personnel. In total 54 questionnaires were distributed. A total of 32 responses are received, proportional to a response rate of 60.37% and was analyzed with relative importance index and one-sample t-test. The results indicate that “Ensuring Good Credit Ratings, Provision of Local Guideline, and Proper Green Qualifications Criteria and Prioritizing Viable Projects” are highest ranked factors. It is important these are incorporated in the framework to be designed for the roll out of green bonds in the Ghana. Considerations should also be made with respect to the culture and state of the financial markets in the country while bringing out the appropriate structure to facilitate the issuances