Thermal Dendrites on the Surface of Water and Water Solution

Thermal dendrites (fractal-like structures) on the surface of water and some water solutions are found with an infrared camera. They are observed with specific sizes and temperature differences in the liquid and are not associated with the movement of the liquid.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

On invariance of specific mass increment in the case of non-equilibrium growth

It is the first time invariance of specific mass increments of crystalline structures that co-exist in the case of non-equilibrium growth is grounded using the maximum entropy production principle. Based on the hypothesis of the existence of a universal growth equation, with the use of dimensional analysis, an explicit form of the dependence of specific mass increment on time is proposed. Applicability of the obtained results for describing growth in animate nature is discussed.Comment: 5 page

Specific mass increment and nonequilibrium crystal growth

Unsteady nonequilibrium crystallization of ammonium chloride from an aqueous solution resulting in the formation of irregular, so-called seaweed, structures is experimentally investigated. It is shown that specific increment of mass for the coexisting structures (or parts thereof) is the same and changes with time (t) according to the power law a/t-b, where the factor a=1.87±0.09 and the factor b is determined by the system relaxation time. The normalization of the power law to the total time of structure growth allows obtaining a universal law that describes the specific mass increment with time for both seaweed and dendrite structures (including the non-coexisting ones). © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Phenomenological model of nonequilibrium solidification

The maximum entropy production principle is used as a foundation for the nonequilibrium solidification theory. Based on this principle, a new simple model of dendrite solidification is proposed. The model predicts the explicit dependency of a dendrite's rate and tip size on supercooling. The obtained results are devoid of the contradictions of the previous models and show quantitative agreement with the recent experimental data for the SCN dendrite. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

From an entropic measure of time to laws of motion

A hypothesis proposed in the paper Entropy (Martyushev, L.M. Entropy 2017, 19, 345) on the deductive formulation of a physical theory based on explicitly- and universally-introduced basic concepts is further developed. An entropic measure of time with a number of properties leading to an analog of the Galileo-Einstein relativity principle is considered. Using this measure and a simple model, a kinematic law which relates time to the size and number of particles of a system is obtained. Corollaries of this law are examined. In particular, accelerated growth of the system size is obtained, whereas in systems with constant size, a decrease in the number of particles is observed. An interesting corollary is the emergence of repulsive and attractive forces inversely proportional to the square of the system size for relatively dense systems and constant for systems with sufficiently low density. © 2019 by the authors

Nonlinear non-equilibrium thermodynamics based on the ehrenfest-klein model

Nonlinear non-equilibrium thermodynamic relations have been constructed based on the generalized Ehrenfest-Klein model. Using these relations, the behavior of the entropy and its production in time at arbitrary deviations from equilibrium has been studied. It has been shown that the transient fluctuation theorem is valid for this model if a dissipation functional is treated as the thermodynamic entropy production. © 2020 by authors

Principle of Least Effort and Sentence Length in Public Speaking

The analysis of sentence lengths in the inaugural speeches of US presidents and the annual speeches of UK party leaders is carried out. Transcripts of the speeches are used, rather than the oral production. It is discovered that the average sentence length in these speeches decreases linearly with time, with the slope of 0.13 ± 0.03 words/year. It is shown that among the analyzed distributions (log-normal, folded and half normal, Weibull, generalized Pareto, Rayleigh) the Weibull is the best distribution for describing sentence length. These two results can be considered a consequence of the principle of least effort. The connection of this principle with the well-known principles of maximum and minimum entropy production is discussed. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland

An evolution based on various energy strategies

The simplest model of the evolution of agents with different energy strategies is considered. The model is based on the most general thermodynamic ideas and includes the procedures for selection, inheritance, and variability. The problem of finding a universal strategy (principle) as a selection of possible competing strategies is solved. It is shown that when there is non-equilibrium between the medium and agents, a direction in the evolution of agents arises, but at the same time, depending on the conditions of the evolution, different strategies can be successful. However, for this case, the simulation results reveal that in the presence of significant competition of agents, the strategy that has the maximum total energy dissipation of agents arising as a result of evolution turns out to be successful. Thus, it is not the specific strategy that is universal, but the maximization of dissipation. This result discovers an interesting connection between the basic principles of Darwin–Wallace evolution and the maximum entropy production principle. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract No. 02.A03.21.0006. The work was partially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (through the basic part of the government mandate, Project No. FEUZ-2020-0060)