Don\u27t Call Me Crazy: A Survey of America\u27s Mental Health System

Unfortunately, the typical exposure to mental illness for most Americans comes via tragic mass shootings or highly publicized celebrity mental breakdowns. However, the vast majority of mentally ill individuals are not violent murderers or hyper-tweeting celebrities. Rather, they are the ordinary, everyday people that make up the tens of millions of American adults suffering from some form of mental illness. The American mental health system has a lamentable history. The initial policy of locking up mentally ill individuals in jails transitioned to a system of confinement in asylums that quickly became notorious for their poor living conditions and treatment. The mid-twentieth century then saw a dramatic shift to a policy of deinstitutionalization, which produced an underfunded, and essentially non-existent, system of community-based care that left mentally ill individuals without access to treatment and thrust many into homelessness and the criminal justice system. Fortunately, the American mental health system has seen some positive changes in recent years such as the adoption of more lenient involuntary commitment laws in certain states as well as the development of mental health court systems that aim to divert mentally ill individuals from prisons into treatment programs. This Note argues that the persistent stigmatization of the mentally ill remains the most significant roadblock to a fully effective mental health system and proposes various strategies to reduce stigmatization in the United States

Don\u27t Call Me Crazy: A Survey of America\u27s Mental Health System

Unfortunately, the typical exposure to mental illness for most Americans comes via tragic mass shootings or highly publicized celebrity mental breakdowns. However, the vast majority of mentally ill individuals are not violent murderers or hyper-tweeting celebrities. Rather, they are the ordinary, everyday people that make up the tens of millions of American adults suffering from some form of mental illness. The American mental health system has a lamentable history. The initial policy of locking up mentally ill individuals in jails transitioned to a system of confinement in asylums that quickly became notorious for their poor living conditions and treatment. The mid-twentieth century then saw a dramatic shift to a policy of deinstitutionalization, which produced an underfunded, and essentially non-existent, system of community-based care that left mentally ill individuals without access to treatment and thrust many into homelessness and the criminal justice system. Fortunately, the American mental health system has seen some positive changes in recent years such as the adoption of more lenient involuntary commitment laws in certain states as well as the development of mental health court systems that aim to divert mentally ill individuals from prisons into treatment programs. This Note argues that the persistent stigmatization of the mentally ill remains the most significant roadblock to a fully effective mental health system and proposes various strategies to reduce stigmatization in the United States

A stereoselective multi-component synthesis of alpha-oxy-beta-substituted-beta-amino esters

Previous work has shown that chlorotitanium enolates of methylmethoxy acetate add to aryl aldimines in a stereoselective fashion. Aryl aldimines are non-enolizable, which contributes to their ability to add to the enolates. Previous attempts to add the enolates to enolizable alkyl aldimines were unsuccessful. By using a multi-component process in which the aldimine is synthesized in-situ, we have expanded the scope of this chemistry to the enolizable alkyl aldimines. Furthermore, the multi-component process has proven to be stereoselective for the anti-adduct

Solid fuel use and cooking practices as a major risk factor for ALRI mortality among African children

Background: Almost half of global child deaths due to acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) occur in sub-Saharan Africa, where three-quarters of the population cook with solid fuels. This study aims to quantify the impact of fuel type and cooking practices on childhood ALRI mortality in Africa, and to explore implications for public health interventions. Methods: Early-release World Health Survey data for the year 2003 were pooled for 16 African countries. Among 32 620 children born during the last 10 years, 1455 (4.46%) were reported to have died prior to their fifth birthday. Survival analysis was used to examine the impact of different cooking-related parameters on ALRI mortality, defined as cough accompanied by rapid breathing or chest indrawing based on maternal recall of symptoms prior to death. Results: Solid fuel use increases the risk of ALRI mortality with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.35 (95% CI 1.22 to 4.52); this association grows stronger with increasing outcome specificity. Differences between households burning solid fuels on a well-ventilated stove and households relying on cleaner fuels are limited. In contrast, cooking with solid fuels in the absence of a chimney or hood is associated with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.68 (1.38 to 5.23). Outdoor cooking is less harmful than indoor cooking but, overall, stove ventilation emerges as a more significant determinant of ALRI mortality. Conclusions: This study shows substantial differences in ALRI mortality risk among African children in relation to cooking practices, and suggests that stove ventilation may be an important means of reducing indoor air pollution

Between Juvenile and Adult Courts: A No Man\u27s Land for the Youthful Offender

In the great majority of states all persons who have not reached their 16th birthday are within the original, exclusive jurisdiction of the juvenile courts. All those who have reached their eighteenth birthday are within the exclusive jurisdiction of the adult criminal courts. It is the remaining category-16 and 17 year olds-with which this paper is concerned. Most states have some provision for transferring 16-or 17 year old defendants between juvenile and adult courts. Usually the responsibility for the transfer rests with the juvenile court-a youth\u27s case is considered first by a juvenile judge who decides whether to transfer it to the adult court. Transfer statutes typically require certain basic findings by the court, such as the nature of the offense and amenability of the accused to rehabilitation. Yet, while most codes now require an investigation prior to the decision as to transfer, few (with the model exception of Texas) indicate what specific criteria are to guide the judge in deciding whether to transfer the youth

If you haven’t been exploited, you are not in the live Music industry: Decent Work and Informality in the live Music Ecosystem in South Africa

This paper addresses how the predominantly atypical nature of cultural and creative work CCW freelance contractor casual once-off or part-time basis is overlaid or impacted on by informality in the African context The research presented here on Live Music is part of a larger study undertaken on commission from ILO Promoting Decent Work in the African Cultural and Creative Economy which focused on 5 sectors cultural heritage dance fashion film and tv and live music in all 5 African sub-regions North Africa Central Africa East Africa West Africa and Southern Africa respectively The paper offers a conceptual framework consisting of the triad of the atypical nature of work in the CCEs precariousness and informality against the backdrop of a Decent Work agenda The focus is on the views of players and practitioners in the live music ecosystem about the nature of work in the live music ecosystem in South Africa It concludes with a set of policy recommendations that are distinct for two reasons first rather than conventional measures to formalise the informal economy it suggests shining a spotlight on the specificities of live music work understanding its unique value chain and adopting measures to engage more productively with the informal actors throughout the value chain second rather than highlighting deficits it suggests greater government support for associations trade unions and employer bodies for the live music ecosystem to bring the decent work discussion into conversation with representative and organise

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors and events associated with second-generation antipsychotic compared to antidepressant use in a non-elderly adult sample: results from a claims-based inception cohort study

This is a study of the metabolic and distal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular outcomes associated with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) compared to antidepressants (ADs) in adults aged 18-65 years, based on data from Thomson Reuters MarketScan (R) Research Databases 2006-2010, a commercial U.S. claims database. Interventions included clinicians\u27 choice treatment with SGAs (allowing any comedications) versus ADs (not allowing SGAs). The primary outcomes of interest were time to inpatient or outpatient claims for the following diagnoses within one year of SGA or AD discontinuation: hypertension, ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Secondary outcomes included the same diagnoses at last follow-up time point, i.e., not censoring observations at 365 days after SGA or AD discontinuation. Cox regression models, adjusted for age, gender, diagnosis of schizophrenia and mood disorders, and number of medical comorbidities, were run. Among 284,234 individuals, those within one year of exposure to SGAs versus ADs showed a higher risk of essential hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.21,

Recent atmospheric neutrino results from Soudan 2

An updated measurement of the atmospheric nu_mu/nu_e ratio-of-ratios, 0.68+-0.11+-0.06, has been obtained using a 4.6-kty exposure of the Soudan-2 iron tracking calorimeter. The L/E distributions have been analyzed for effects of nu_mu -> nu_x oscillations, and an allowed region in the Delta m^2 vs. sin^2 2 theta plane has been determined.Comment: 3 pages, 4 figures; presented at TAUP99, the 6th Int. Workshop on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics, Sept. 6-10, 1999, College de France, Paris, Franc

Measurement of branching fraction and direct CP asymmetry in charmless B+ → K+K−π + decays at Belle

We report a study of the charmless hadronic decay of the charged B meson to the three-body final state K+K−π+. The results are based on a data sample that contains 772×106  B¯B pairs collected at the Υ(4S) resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric-energy e+e− collider. The measured inclusive branching fraction and direct CP asymmetry are (5.38±0.40±0.35)×10−6 and −0.170±0.073±0.017, respectively, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic. The K+K− invariant mass distribution of the signal candidates shows an excess in the region below 1.5  GeV/c2, which is consistent with the previous studies from BABAR and LHCb. In addition, strong evidence of a large direct CP asymmetry is found in the low K+K− invariant-mass region