Prerequisites for Increasing the Axle Load on Railway Tracks in the Czech Republic

This paper deals with problems of increasing the axle load on Czech Railways (ED) tracks to 250 kN or 300 kN, respectively. The results of a numerical analysis of the effects of increased axle loads on the track bed structure were verified by experimental measurements carried out on track bed construction models in an experimental box on a 1:1 scale. The results of the research are applicable for routine use on ED.

Problems in Different Measuring and Assessment the Modulus of Deformation Using the Czech and German Methodologies

Comparative laboratory and in-situ measurements were used to establish the relationships between the static moduli of deformation calculated under the ED methodology and the DB methodology. The measurements proved that the moduli of deformation determined in accordance with the two methodologies cannot be substituted for each other.

Problems in Different Measuring and Assessment the Modulus of Deformation Using the Czech and German Methodologies

Comparative laboratory and in-situ measurements were used to establish the relationships between the static moduli of deformation calculated under the ED methodology and the DB methodology. The measurements proved that the moduli of deformation determined in accordance with the two methodologies cannot be substituted for each other.

Theoretical Modeling of Magnesium Ion Imprints in the Raman Scattering of Water

Hydration envelopes of metallic ions significantly influence their chemical properties and biological functioning. Previous computational studies, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and vibrational spectra indicated a strong affinity of the Mg2+ Cation to water. We find it interesting that, although monatomic ions do not vibrate themselves, they cause notable changes in the water Raman signal. Therefore, in this Study, We used a combination of Raman spectroscopy and computer modeling to analyze the magnesium hydration shell and origin of the signal. In the measured spectra of several salts (LiCl, NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2 MgBr2, and MgI2 Water Solutions), only the spectroscopic imprint of the hydrated Mg2+ Cation Could clearly be identified as an exceptionally distinct peak at similar to 355 cm(-1). The assignment of this band to the Mg-O stretching motion could be confirmed oil the basis of several models involving quantum chemical computations on metal/water clusters. Minor Raman spectral features could also be explained. Ab initio and Fourier transform (FT) techniques Coupled with the Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics were adapted to provide the spectra from dynamical trajectories. The results Suggest that even in concentrated Solutions magnesium preferentially forms a [Mg(H2O)(6)](2+) complex of a nearly octahedral symmetry; nevertheless, the Raman signal is primarily associated with the relatively strong metal-H2O bond. Partially covalent character of the Mg-O bond was confirmed by a natural bond orbital analysis. Computations oil hydrated chlorine anion did not provide a specific signal. The FT techniques gave good spectral profiles in the high-frequency region, whereas the lowest-wavenumber vibrations were better reproduced by the cluster models. Both dynamical and cluster computational models provided a useful link between spectral shapes and specific ion-water interactions