QHAR: Q-Holonic-Based ARchitecture for Self-Configuration of Cyber–Physical Production Systems

Production systems must be able to adapt to increasingly frequent internal and external changes. Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS), thanks to their potential capacity for self-reconfiguration, can cope with this need for adaptation. To implement the self-reconfiguration functionality in economical and safe conditions, CPPS must have appropriate tools and contextualized information. This information can be organized in the form of an architecture. In this paper, after the analysis of several holonic and nonholonic architectures, we propose a holonic architecture that allows for reliable and efficient reconfiguration. We call this architecture QHAR (Q-Holonic-based ARchitecture). QHAR is constructed based on the idea of a Q-holon, which has four dimensions (physical, cyber, human, and energy) and can exchange three flows (energy, data, and materials). It is a generic Holon that can represent any entity or actor of the supply chain. The QHAR is structured in three levels: centralized control level, decentralized control level, and execution level. QHAR implements the principle of an oligarchical control architecture by deploying both hierarchical and heterarchical control approaches. This ensures the overall system performance and reactivity to hazards. The proposed architecture is tested and validated on a case study

Protection against varicella with two doses of combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine versus one dose of monovalent varicella vaccine : a multicentre, observer-blind, randomised, controlled trial

Background: Rates of varicella have decreased substantially in countries implementing routine varicella vaccination. Immunisation is possible with monovalent varicella vaccine or a combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine (MMRV). We assessed protection against varicella in naive children administered one dose of varicella vaccine or two doses of MMRV. Methods: This study was done in ten European countries with endemic varicella. Healthy children aged 12-22 months were randomised (3:3:1 ratio, by computer-generated randomisation list, with block size seven) to receive 42 days apart (1) two doses of MMRV (MMRV group), or (2) MMR at dose one and monovalent varicella vaccine at dose two (MMR+V group), or (3) two doses of MMR (MMR group; control). Participants and their parents or guardians, individuals involved in assessment of any outcome, and sponsor staffinvolved in review or analysis of data were masked to treatment assignment. The primary efficacy endpoint was occurrence of confirmed varicella (by detection of varicella zoster virus DNA or epidemiological link) from 42 days after the second vaccine dose to the end of the first phase of the trial. Cases were graded for severity. Efficacy analyses were per protocol. Safety analyses included all participants who received at least one vaccine dose. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00226499. Findings: Between Sept 1, 2005, and May 10, 2006, 5803 children (mean age 14\ub72 months, SD 2\ub75) were vaccinated. In the efficacy cohort of 5285 children, the mean duration of follow-up in the MMRV group was 36 months (SD 8\ub78), in the MMR+V group was 36 months (8\ub75) and in the MMR group was 35 months (8\ub79). Varicella cases were confirmed for 37 participants in the MMRV group (two moderate to severe), 243 in the MMR+V group, and 201 in the MMR group. Second cases occurred for three participants (all in the MMR+V group). Varicella cases were moderate to severe for two participants in the MMRV group, 37 in the MMR+V group (one being a second case that followed a mild first case); and 117 in the MMR group. Efficacy of two-dose MMRV against all varicella was 94\ub79% (97\ub75% CI 92\ub74-96\ub76), and against moderate to severe varicella was 99\ub75% (97\ub75-99\ub79). Efficacy of one-dose varicella vaccine against all varicella was 65\ub74% (57\ub72-72\ub71), and against moderate to severe varicella (post hoc) was 90\ub77% (85\ub79-93\ub79). The most common adverse event in all groups was injection-site redness (up to 25% of participants). Within 15 days after dose one, 57\ub74% (95% CI 53\ub79-60\ub79) of participants in the MMRV group reported fever of 38\ub0C or more, by contrast with 44\ub75% (41\ub70-48\ub71) with MMR+V, and 39\ub78% (33\ub78-46\ub71) with MMR. Eight serious adverse events were deemed related to vaccination (three MMRV, four MMR+V, one MMR). All resolved within the study period. Interpretation: These results support the implementation of two-dose varicella vaccination on a short course, to ensure optimum protection from all forms of varicella disease. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines