New Theory of the Earth

New Theory of the Earth is an interdisciplinary advanced textbook on all aspects of the interior of the Earth and its origin, composition, and evolution: geophysics, geochemistry, dynamics, convection, mineralogy, volcanism, energetics and thermal history. This is the only book on the whole landscape of deep Earth processes that ties together all the strands of the subdisciplines. This book is a complete update of Anderson’s Theory of the Earth (1989). It includes dozens of new figures and tables. A novel referencing system using Googlets is introduced that allows immediate access to supplementary material via the internet. There are new sections on tomography, self-organization, and new approaches to plate tectonics. The paradigm/paradox approach to developing new theories is developed, and controversies and contradictions have been brought more center-stage. As with the Theory of the Earth, this new edition will prove to be a stimulating textbook for advanced courses in geophysics, geochemistry, and planetary science, and a supplementary textbook on a wide range of other advanced Earth science courses. It will also be an essential reference and resource for all researchers in the solid Earth sciences

Report of Progress: January 1 to December 31, 1952

Each calendar year the Alaska Agricultural Experiment Station submits a Progress Report to the University of Alaska and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, the 2 cooperating agencies under which it operates. This 1952 report segregates the work of each department, reporting briefly the progress made on each project currently under investigation, contributions to scientific knowledge or to the public interest and phases of the work to receive special attention during the coming year. Due credit is given to cooperating agencies and to various station personnel where more than one department is involved on a project. Briefly reported, also, are improvements and additions to physical plant, personnel changes, publications of the station during the year, and sources of financial support.Preface -- Project reports: Soil science, Horticulture, Animal industry, Engineering, Economics, Agronomy, Entomology, Plant Pathology -- Director's comments: Personnel and organization, Physical plant, Needs of the Station, Publication

Self-gravity, self-consistency, and self-organization in geodynamics and geochemistry

The results of seismology and geochemistry for mantle structure are widely believed to be discordant, the former favoring whole-mantle convection and the latter favoring layered convection with a boundary near 650 km. However, a different view arises from recognizing effects usually ignored in the construction of these models, including physical plausibility and dimensionality. Self-compression and expansion affect material properties that are important in all aspects of mantle geochemistry and dynamics, including the interpretation of tomographic images. Pressure compresses a solid and changes physical properties that depend on volume and does so in a highly nonlinear way. Intrinsic, anelastic, compositional, and crystal structure effects control seismic velocities; temperature is not the only parameter, even though tomographic images are often treated as temperature maps. Shear velocity is not a good proxy for density, temperature, and composition or for other elastic constants. Scaling concepts are important in mantle dynamics, equations of state, and wherever it is necessary to extend laboratory experiments to the parameter range of the Earth's mantle. Simple volume-scaling relations that permit extrapolation of laboratory experiments, in a thermodynamically self-consistent way, to deep mantle conditions include the quasiharmonic approximation but not the Boussinesq formalisms. Whereas slabs, plates, and the upper thermal boundary layer of the mantle have characteristic thicknesses of hundreds of kilometers and lifetimes on the order of 100 million years, volume-scaling predicts values an order of magnitude higher for deep-mantle thermal boundary layers. This implies that deep-mantle features are sluggish and ancient. Irreversible chemical stratification is consistent with these results; plausible temperature variations in the deep mantle cause density variations that are smaller than the probable density contrasts across chemical interfaces created by accretional differentiation and magmatic processes. Deep-mantle features may be convectively isolated from upper-mantle processes. Plate tectonics and surface geochemical cycles appear to be entirely restricted to the upper ~1,000 km. The 650-km discontinuity is mainly an isochemical phase change but major-element chemical boundaries may occur at other depths. Recycling laminates the upper mantle and also makes it statistically heterogeneous, in agreement with high-frequency scattering studies. In contrast to standard geochemical models and recent modifications, the deeper layers need not be accessible to surface volcanoes. There is no conflict between geophysical and geochemical data, but a physical basis for standard geochemical and geodynamic mantle models, including the two-layer and whole-mantle versions, and qualitative tomographic interpretations has been lacking

A Guide to Buying Canned Fruits and Vegetables

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Earnings Management and Its Implications

In the wake of continuing, highly publicized financial frauds and failures, the accounting profession has placed renewed emphasis on issues related to earnings management and earnings quality. Staff Accounting Bulletin 101, Revenue Recognition in Financial Statements, which was issued in December 1999 in response to the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission report, illustrates the importance of earnings to the SEC. The SEC and the public are demanding greater assurance about the quality of earnings. Notwithstanding the grave threat that abusive earnings-management practices pose to the reliability and accuracy of financial statements, the accounting profession may be reluctant to address this issue. While there is evidence that accounting educators are attempting to make accounting students aware of abusive earnings-management practices, further efforts are needed by state societies and public accounting firms to better equip CPAs with the tools necessary to identify earnings-management techniques. Education could help to reduce the expectations gap between auditors and financial statement users

Bose-Einstein Condensates as a Probe for Lorentz Violation

The effects of small Lorentz-violating terms on Bose-Einstein condensates are analyzed. We find that there are changes to the phase and shape of the ground-state wave function that vary with the orientation of the trap. In addition, spin-couplings can act as a source for spontaneous symmetry breaking in ferromagnetic condensates making them sensitive probes for fundamental symmetry violation

Weighing the Public Interest

In 1981, the AICPA addressed the issue of going concern status through SAS 34, The Auditor\u27s Considerations When a Question Arises About an Entity\u27s Continued Existence. In 1988, the AICPA issued SAS 59, The Auditor\u27s Consideration of an Entity\u27s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which remains the authoritative guidance. To determine if additional guidance on the topic of going concern is provided by accounting organizations, the authors contacted the AICPA and the state CPA societies. The authors found that none of these organizations provide additional literature or guidance in this area. Several individuals have criticized the current literature and called for additional guidance in the area of going concern. The authors believe that the Commission on Auditors\u27 Responsibilities\u27 recommendations for improving and specifying the responsibilities of independent auditors should be revisited and the going concern opinion should be eliminated. Considering that litigation is not a serious threat, one can see that eliminating the going concern opinion is the favorable option