1,504 research outputs found
Breast tomosynthesis imaging configuration optimization based on computer simulation
Digital tomosynthesis is an innovative imaging technology for early breast cancer detection by providing three-dimensional anatomical information with fast image acquisition and low-dose radiation. Most of current breast tomosynthesis systems utilize a design where a single X-ray tube moves along an arc above objects over a certain angular range. The mechanical movement and patient motion during the scan may degrade image quality. With a carbon nanotube-based multibeam X-ray source, a new breast tomosynthesis modality is innovated, which will potentially produce better image quality with stationary beam sources and faster scan and it enables a variety of beam distributions. In this study, several beam distributions, such as beam sources spanning along a one-dimensional (1-D) parallel configuration and sources over a two-dimensional (2-D) rectangle shape are investigated based on computer simulations. Preliminary results show that 2-D rectangle shapes outperform 1-D parallel shapes by providing better Z-resolution, enhanced image contrast, reduced out-ofplane blur and artifacts and lower reconstruction noise. These benefits may expand tomosynthesis applications to diagnostic and interventional procedures
Unconventional Bose-Einstein condensations from spin-orbit coupling
According to the "no-node" theorem, many-body ground state wavefunctions of
conventional Bose-Einstein condensations (BEC) are positive-definite, thus
time-reversal symmetry cannot be spontaneously broken. We find that
multi-component bosons with spin-orbit coupling provide an unconventional type
of BECs beyond this paradigm. We focus on the subtle case of isotropic Rashba
spin-orbit coupling and the spin-independent interaction. In the limit of the
weak confining potential, the condensate wavefunctions are frustrated at the
Hartree-Fock level due to the degeneracy of the Rashba ring. Quantum zero-point
energy selects the spin-spiral type condensate through the
"order-from-disorder" mechanism. In a strong harmonic confining trap, the
condensate spontaneously generates a half-quantum vortex combined with the
skyrmion type of spin texture. In both cases, time-reversal symmetry is
spontaneously broken. These phenomena can be realized in both cold atom systems
with artificial spin-orbit couplings generated from atom-laser interactions and
exciton condensates in semi-conductor systems
P-wave Quarkonium Decays to Meson Pairs
The processes of P-wave Quarkonium exclusive decays to two mesons are
investigated, in which the final state vector mesons with various polarizations
are considered separately. In the calculation, the initial heavy quarkonia are
treated in the framework of non-relativistic quantum chromodynamics, whereas
for light mesons, the light cone distribution amplitudes up to twist-3 are
employed. It turns out that the higher twist contribution is significant and
provides a possible explanation for the observation of the hadron helicity
selection rule violated processes
by the BESIII collaboration in recently. We also evaluate the process and find that its branching ratio is big enough to be
measured at the B-factories.Comment: more results and discussions adde
An essential function for the ATR-Activation-Domain (AAD) of TopBP1 in mouse development and cellular senescence
ATR activation is dependent on temporal and spatial interactions with partner proteins. In the budding yeast model, three proteins – Dpb11TopBP1, Ddc1Rad9 and Dna2 - all interact with and activate Mec1ATR. Each contains an ATR activation domain (ADD) that interacts directly with the Mec1ATR:Ddc2ATRIP complex. Any of the Dpb11TopBP1, Ddc1Rad9 or Dna2 ADDs is sufficient to activate Mec1ATR in vitro. All three can also independently activate Mec1ATR in vivo: the checkpoint is lost only when all three AADs are absent. In metazoans, only TopBP1 has been identified as a direct ATR activator. Depletion-replacement approaches suggest the TopBP1-AAD is both sufficient and necessary for ATR activation. The physiological function of the TopBP1 AAD is, however, unknown. We created a knock-in point mutation (W1147R) that ablates mouse TopBP1-AAD function. TopBP1-W1147R is early embryonic lethal. To analyse TopBP1-W1147R cellular function in vivo, we silenced the wild type TopBP1 allele in heterozygous MEFs. AAD inactivation impaired cell proliferation, promoted premature senescence and compromised Chk1 signalling following UV irradiation. We also show enforced TopBP1 dimerization promotes ATR-dependent Chk1 phosphorylation. Our data suggest that, unlike the yeast models, the TopBP1-AAD is the major activator of ATR, sustaining cell proliferation and embryonic development
Plasmon-phonon coupling in large-area graphene dot and antidot arrays
Nanostructured graphene on SiO2 substrates pave the way for enhanced
light-matter interactions and explorations of strong plasmon-phonon
hybridization in the mid-infrared regime. Unprecedented large-area graphene
nanodot and antidot optical arrays are fabricated by nanosphere lithography,
with structural control down to the sub-100 nanometer regime. The interaction
between graphene plasmon modes and the substrate phonons is experimentally
demonstrated and structural control is used to map out the hybridization of
plasmons and phonons, showing coupling energies of the order 20 meV. Our
findings are further supported by theoretical calculations and numerical
simulations.Comment: 7 pages including 6 figures. Supporting information is available upon
request to author
Mathematical and Statistical Techniques for Systems Medicine: The Wnt Signaling Pathway as a Case Study
The last decade has seen an explosion in models that describe phenomena in
systems medicine. Such models are especially useful for studying signaling
pathways, such as the Wnt pathway. In this chapter we use the Wnt pathway to
showcase current mathematical and statistical techniques that enable modelers
to gain insight into (models of) gene regulation, and generate testable
predictions. We introduce a range of modeling frameworks, but focus on ordinary
differential equation (ODE) models since they remain the most widely used
approach in systems biology and medicine and continue to offer great potential.
We present methods for the analysis of a single model, comprising applications
of standard dynamical systems approaches such as nondimensionalization, steady
state, asymptotic and sensitivity analysis, and more recent statistical and
algebraic approaches to compare models with data. We present parameter
estimation and model comparison techniques, focusing on Bayesian analysis and
coplanarity via algebraic geometry. Our intention is that this (non exhaustive)
review may serve as a useful starting point for the analysis of models in
systems medicine.Comment: Submitted to 'Systems Medicine' as a book chapte
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