Fungal diversity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves and fruits in Russia

Sequencing of cloned PCR-amplified species-specific rDNA fragments and isolation of axenic cultures from tomato fruits was carried out to study the mycobiota of tomato leaves and fruits in European part of Russia. DNA was extracted from the leaves, and library of ITS region fragments was constructed in E. coli by cloning of PCR products. This survey revealed fourteen species associated with disease-affected leaves: Septoria lycopersici, Fulvia fulva (=Cladosporium fulvum), Didymella glomerata (=Phoma glomerata), Cladosporium herbarum, Podosphaera fusca, Neocamarosporium goegapense (=Phoma betae), Rhizoctonia solani, Candida albicans, Dioszegia hungarica, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Didymella lycopersici, Alternaria infectoria, Alternaria alternata, Cryptococcus tephrensis. In the leaves from healthy plants without any visible symptoms DNA of three species was found: Aspergillus versicolor, Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans. Analysis of axenic cultures isolated from green diseased tomato fruits revealed fungal species: Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, Phomopsis phaseoli, Fusarium equiseti, Chaetomium cochliodes, Clonostachys sp., Irpex lacteus, Colletotrichum coccodes. This research provides new information on the mycobiota of tomato in Southern Russia, the main tomato producing region of the country. © 2020, University of Zagreb - Faculty of Agriculture. All rights reserved

THE MICROMORPHOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF GRAY FOREST SOILS IN VLADIMIR OPOLYE

The investigations were conducted on the gray forest heavy clay loamy soils, formed on the loess-like loams, which are widely spread on the territory of Vladimir Opolye. The eluvial-illuvial profile differentiation, its different intensity and the specificity of illuvial coatings (fine dispersed clayey and humus-clayey coatings with sparse skeletal content of soil) is confirmed. The presence of the coarse wooden plant residues, thick humus-clayey illuvial coatings within the illuvial horizons speak about the forest origin of the grey forest soils in Vladimir Opolye. The micromorphology of humus horizon reflects the direction of the soil forming process and the ecological status of soils. The illimerization is the main process of the matter migration and soil profile differentiation. The mixed-layer formations prevail in the clayey fraction. Mica, quartz, and K-feldspars are the prevailing compounds of the fine and medium silt within the gray forest soils. In the silt fraction of the second humus horizon prevail quartz and feld-spar. The most of the nutrients is concentrated in the clayey and fine-silt frac-tion. The micromorphological investigations confirmed the theory, which speaks about the presence of forest (the presence of illuvial coatings) as well as steppe soils (mull humus type in the SHH, the presence of primary and newly formed carbonates) specificities in the modern soil forming process within the gray forest soil of Vladimir Opolye

CHOOSE: Towards a metamodel for enterprise architecture in small and medium-sized enterprises

Enterprise architecture (EA) is a coherent whole of principles, methods, and models that are used in the design and realization of an enterprise's organizational structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure. Recent research indicates the need for EA in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), important drivers of economy, as they struggle with problems related to a lack of structure and overview of their business. However, existing EA frameworks are perceived as too complex and no EA approach adapted to an SME context exists. Therefore, this paper presents the CHOOSE metamodel for EA in SMEs that is developed and evaluated during action research in a Belgian SME. This metamodel is based on the essentials of EA frameworks and is kept simple to be usable in an SME context. The final CHOOSE metamodel includes only four essential concepts (goal, actor, operation, object), one for each most frequently used EA focus. An extract from the CHOOSE model from the Belgian SME is presented as an example. Finally, the CHOOSE metamodel is evaluated according to the EA essentials and the requirements for EA in an SME context