Identification and assessment of geohazards affecting pipelines and urban areas

The paper addresses methods and criteria of risk assessment associated with land subsidence threatening pipelines, buildings, and constructions. Currently, there are some practical issues relating to geohazards that should be taken into account while constructing a pipeline. The article provides comparison data on the effects of Spitak earthquake and the natural disaster in Neftegorsk in terms of geohazards impact on the pipeline systems. The suggested risk assessment procedure embraces a wide range of aspects: from soil properties to economic and management issues

QUALITY OF PRE-SERVICE TEACHERS’ TRAINING FOR RESEARCH WORK IN THE FIELD OF UNIVERSITY LECTURERS EVALUATION

Introduction. The ability to independently organize and carry out scientific and pedagogical search, receive and apply in practice new skills is a distinctive feature of creative teachers. Obligatory presence of research competence among graduates of pedagogical specialties of higher education institutions is declared in federal state educational standards of the higher school. The aim of the article is to direct attention of high school educators to the topical problem of pre-service teachers’ creativity development and the need to strengthen their methodological training. Methodology and research methods. Based on understanding of education quality as the ensemble of its essential characteristics (properties according to A. I. Subetto), evaluation criteria of quality of education of bachelor’s and master’s degree students are revealed. The objective and research components are the basis for the development of criterion-evaluation tools of future profession. Teachers’ insights on the level of their own contribution to creative development of students and the quality of training of students to independent carrying out researches were made known using the following methods: structuring, analysis and interpretation of the questionnaire materials, individual interviews, and observation evaluation. Results. The data concerning the organization, content and technologies of teachers’ pre-service training for independent research activity, the learning conditions created for their training and the outcomes are obtained. A number of positive results, especially in logistics and staffing of the educational process, are achieved. Evident mistakes in the program and methodological support of educational process, in the use of the vocational disciplines’ research capacity and teaching practice for the development of students’ research experience are found. Scientific novelty. An authors’ estimation of a standpoint of some part of teachers in regard to practical realization of basic target orientation of the Russian higher education is given. Insufficient methodological readiness of a considerable part of university teachers and lecturers to the scientific leadership in research activity of bachelors and undergraduates is stated. Practical significance. The pointed and selected criteria for evaluation of quality of training to research work are base for development of criteria-estimated tools of level of formation of educational-research skills. The use of the proposed set of measures in pedagogical and management work, according to the authors, would serve to enhance research competence of future professionals and at large improve the management of educational process. Введение. Готовность самостоятельно организовывать и осу ществлять научно-педагогический поиск, получать и использовать в своей практической деятельности новые знания должна стать отличительной особенностью современного, творчески работающего учителя. Обязательное наличие исследовательской компетентности у выпускников педагогических специальностей вузов декларируется в федеральных государственных образовательных стандартах высшей школы.Цель статьи – привлечь внимание к актуализировавшейся проблеме развития исследовательских способностей будущих специалистов педагогического профиля и необходимости усиления их методологической подготовки. Методология и методики. Исходя из понимания качества образования как совокупности его наиболее существенных характеристик (свойств, по А. И. Субетто) определены критерии оценки качества подготовки бакалавров и магистрантов к совмещению в своей будущей профессиональной деятельности ее предметного и исследовательского компонентов. На основе систематизации, анализа и интерпретации материалов анкетного опроса профессорско-преподавательского состава университета, индивидуальных бесед и включенных наблюдений выявлены представления преподавателей о степени собственного вклада в творческое развитие учащихся и о качестве подготовки студентов к самостоятельному проведению исследований. Результаты. Получена информация об организации, содержании и технологиях подготовки будущих педагогов к самостоятельной исследовательской деятельности, созданных для этого условиях и достигнутых результатах. Установлен ряд положительных достижений в данном направлении, касающихся прежде всего материально-технического и кадрового обеспечения образовательного процесса. Вскрыты также явные упущения в программно-методическом обеспечении образования, далеко не полное использование исследовательского потенциала профессионально ориентированых учебных дисциплин и педагогической практики для приобретения учащимися исследовательского опыта. Научная новизна. Дана авторская оценка позиции части преподавателей относительно практической реализации базовой целевой ориентации отечественного высшего образования. Констатируется недостаточная методологическая подготовленность значительной части преподавателей университета к научному руководству исследовательской деятельностью бакалавров и магистрантов. Практическая значимость. Выделенные критерии оценки качества подготовки к исследовательской работе являются базой для разработки критериально-оценочного инструментария уровня сформированности учебно-исследовательских и научно-исследовательских умений и навыков. Предложены меры, реализация которых, по мнению авторов, будет способствовать повышению исследовательской компетентности будущих специалистов и совершенствованию управления образовательным процессом в целом

Experimental animal models of scoliosis for understanding the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis

Idiopathic scoliosis is a common disease of the musculoskeletal system, affecting 2–3% of children and adolescents worldwide. The etiology and pathogenesis of scoliotic spinal deformity have not yet been disclosed, despite numerous long-term studies. Animal modeling of scoliosis can become the basis for studying possible etiological factors and pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of the pathology in question and the prospects for possible treatment of scoliosis in the future. To date, many different types of models of scoliotic disease have been created and studied. The purpose of this review was to analyze the literature data on animal modeling of scoliosis in order to understand the etiological factor of idiopathic scoliosis in humans. Material and methods. The review was carried out using databases of electronic information resources PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, eLibrary.ru. The analysis of scientific literature was carried out according to the search words: “idiopathic scoliosis”, “experimental model of scoliosis”, “animal model of scoliosis”, “mechanical models of scoliosis”, “pineal gland resection models”, “genetic models of scoliosis”. Results. The analysis of scientific literature data confirms the high importance of experimental animal models of scoliosis for the study of the etiology of idiopathic scoliosis. The review summarizes and analyzes data on the main directions of modeling scoliotic deformity: mechanical, neuroendocrine and genetic models. Conclusions. The models of scoliosis presented in the literature have been implemented with varying degrees of success and have not been able to clarify the etiology of spinal pathology, but they are a useful tool for testing interventions aimed at correcting and preventing deformity. The development of an optimal experimental model of scoliosis in animals will further overcome the existing limitations in determining the etiological factor of idiopathic scoliosis and describe the processes of disease development characteristic of humans

MODEL OF FORMING OF PROFESSIONAL INTEGRATIVE- SERVICE COMPETENSE OF SPECIALIST OF INDUSTRY OF FEED AND HOSPITALITY

В статье показано, что индустрия питания и гостеприимства, развивается быстрыми темпами и нуждается в инновациях, способных поднять уровень услуг в соответствии с возрастающими требованиями потребителей. Соответственно появляется необходимость подготовки специалистов, имеющих фундаментальные, профессиональные знания в области индустрии питания и гостеприимства, стремящихся к творческой самореализации, так как эффективное внедрение любых инноваций невозможно при низкой квалификации персонала и его слабой мотивации. Рассмотренная авторами модель формирования профессиональной интегративно-сервисной компетенции будущего специалиста индустрии питания и гостеприимства в среднем профессиональном образовании, включает взаимосвязанные целевую, методическую и результативную составляющие, а также механизм контроля формирования данной компетенции.The article shows that the catering and hospitality industry, is growing rapidly and needs in innovation, capable of raising the level of services in accordance with the growing demands of consumers. Accordingly, there is need to train specialists with fundamental and professional knowledge in the field of catering and hospitality industry, striving for creative self-realization, as the effective implementation of any innovation is impossible for unskilled personnel and their weak motivation.Considered the authors model of integrative professional competence of the future expert service food and hospitality industry in the secondary vocational education, including related task, methodological and productive components, as well as a mechanism to monitor the formation of this competence

Congenital dislocation of the hip – theories, etiological and predisposing factors (risk factors)

According to current statistics worldwide, congenital orthopedic pathologies rank second quantitatively after congenital diseases of the nervous system. Congenital dislocation of the hip is one of the most common and severe pathologies of the musculoskeletal system in children and adolescents. The theories of its development and etiological factors are not only of historical interest but also create prerequisites for determining the true cause of this complex process. The problem of predicting the development of hip dysplasia remains relevant. The practical significance lies in determining the etiological factor (predisposing or risk factors) of the disease onset or manifestation. Analysis of the literature suggests that hip dysplasia is based on a genetic substrate as an etiological factor. Predisposing factors only increase the risk of pathology manifestation. Further studies to determine the etiological factor will make it possible to formulate more specific recommendations for the management of patients with hip dysplasia and possibly expand the methods of prevention and conservative treatment

History of the study of the neural crest (review)

The neural crest has long attracted the attention of evolutionary biologists and, more recently, clinical specialists, as research in recent decades has significantly expanded the boundaries of knowledge about the involvement of neural crest and neural crest cells in the development of human pathology. The neural crest and neural crest cells are a unique evolutionarily based embryonic structure. Its discovery completely changed the view of the process of embryogenesis. Knowledge of neural crest development sheds light on many of the most «established» questions of developmental biology and evolution. Our article will reflect on the historical stages of the discovery and study of the neural crest and the impact of this discovery on entrenched ideas about germ layer specificity and the theory of germ layers – the reasoning of the neural crest as the fourth germ layer. The aim of this review is to describe the history of the discovery and study of neural crest and neural crest cells based on an analysis of the literature. In writing this article, an analysis of the scientific literature was conducted using the search terms «neural crest», «neural crest cells», «neural crest cell morphology», «germinal layers» and «embryonic development» in the computer databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and eLibrary. The depth of the analytical search corresponds to the period of the discovery of the neural crest and the first mention of the neural crest as an embryonic morphological structure in the scientific literature. The information presented confirms the high interest of research scientists and clinical specialists in the study of neural crest and neural crest cells. The involvement of neural crest cells in the formation of somatic and musculoskeletal pathologies has received particular attention in recent decades. The literature sources are represented by 169 full-text manuscripts and monographs mainly in English. Conclusions. Neural crest and neural crest cells are unique evolutionary structures. Regularities of formation, reasons which condition migration, differentiation, interaction of neural crest cells with other structures during embryogenesis as well as their potential, which is realized in postnatal period, continue to be the subject of research up to now

The investigation of dangerous geological processes resulting in land subsidence while designing the main gas pipeline in South Yakutia

The number of gas main accidents has increased recently due to dangerous geological processes in underdeveloped areas located in difficult geological conditions. The paper analyses land subsidence caused by karst and thermokarst processes in the right of way, reveals the assessment criteria for geological hazards and creates zoning schemes considering the levels of karst and thermorkarst hazards

Possibility of using the infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad as a source of autologous stem cells

Stem cells are the basis for the creation of tissue-engineered structures in regenerative medicine. The most well-studied sources of stem cells are the embryo and bone marrow. The use of embryonic cells is associated with ethical problems, and the collection of bone marrow is accompanied by invasive procedures. Using adipose tissue as a source of stem cells avoids these problems. But the collection of adipose tissue requires additional interventions, which does not exclude the occurrence of cosmetic defects. Aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad.Material and methods. As a source of MSCs, tissue samples of Hoffa’s fat pad removed during the operation were used (8 cases), as a control - MSCs isolated from human adipose tissue (6 cases). MSCs were isolated using an enzymatic method. At the 3rd passage, phenotyping with specific antibodies against CD34, CD45, CD73, CD90, CD105 was performed by flow cytometry. Differentiation in the chondro- and osteogenic direction was carried out at the 3rd passage with the appropriate differentiation media. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by staining with alcian blue, osteogenic - staining according to von Kossa.Results and discussion. Statistically significant decrease in CD105 expression, increase in CD73, CD34 expression and lack of adequate differentiation under standard conditions of differentiation media by MSCs isolated from the Hoffa’s fat pad compared to control was found. The data obtained indicate a discrepancy between the cells isolated from the Hoffa’s fat pad and the requirements for MSCs.Conclusion. The infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad_cannot be used as a source of standardized MSCs

Современная навигация при трансторакальной биопсии внутригрудных новообразований

Transthoracic core-needle biopsy is a minimally invasive and effective procedure for histological verification of intrathoracic lesions. It’s accuracy can be assisted by ultrasound or robotic navigation. Material and methods. Retrospective analysis of 45 transthoracic core-needle biopsies under ultrasound and robotic guidance. Results. The accuracy of both methods is over 90% and complications rate is comparable. Ultrasound guidance is more suitable for large subpleural lesions, attached to the chest wall. Robotic guidance allows more precise positioning for small lesions, but takes much more time. Complications rate for ultrasound-guidance was 5,3% vs 15,4% for robotic guidance. However, none of these complications required surgical intervention. Even 3 tissue samples provided enough material for immunostaining and for molecular analysis if necessary. Summary. Transthoracic core needle biopsy is a method of choice for histological verification of large solid intrathoracic lesions, adherent to the chest wall, without large cavities of destruction. Such patients have the lowest risk rate of possible complications and are suitable for multiple biopsies. At the same time, these patients do not fit for VATS due to large size of the tumor and pleural adhesions, which can be difficult to manage during thoracoscopy. Ultrasound guidance can be best of all applied for large solid tumors, invading the chest wall.Введение. Трансторакальная биопсия — малоинвазивная и эффективная процедура, позволяющая проводить гистологическую верификацию новообразований грудной клетки. Повышение диагностической ценности метода возможно путем применения ультразвуковой или МСКТ навигации. Материалы и методы. Ретроспективный анализ данных 45 трансторакальных кор-биопсий под УЗ-навигацией, а также с применением роботической системы, связанной с мультиспиральным компьютерным томографом. Результаты. Оба метода обладают сравнимыми долями осложнений и диагностической ценностью более 90%, но надежная верификация под УЗ-навигацией возможна при больших размерах образований (около 60 мм). В то же время роботическая навигация позволяет проводить пункцию более мелких образований, но существенно удлиняет процедуру. Доля осложнений при УЗ-навигации составила 5,3%, при роботической навигации — 15,4%, тем не менее ни одно из осложнений в этой группе не потребовало медицинских вмешательств. Объема материала в трех столбиках ткани было достаточно для проведения как иммуногистохимического исследования, так и генетического анализа при необходимости. Заключение. Трансторакальная трепан-биопсия является методом выбора для гистологической верификации крупных образований грудной полости, не имеющих полостей деструкции, спаянных с грудной стенкой, так как у таких пациентов имеется низкий риск осложнений и возможно выполнение неоднократной биопсии. В то же время такие пациенты плохо подходят для видеоторакоскопии из-за крупных размеров образований и спаечного процесса, который заметно удлиняет операцию и осложняет визуализацию. При наличии образований, инвазирующих грудную стенку, наиболее рациональной можно считать УЗ-навигацию, как быстрый и безопасный для пациента и персонала метод. При наличии интрапаренхиматозных небольших образований требуется прецизионность и визуализация, получаемая при МСКТ-наведении