La référence impersonnelle humaine en langue des signes française

The study presented in this paper is a first systematic approach to the expression of the impersonal human reference in French sign language (LSF). It extends and deepens a prior study carried out by the authors on the basis of a large scale discourse corpus. The description proposed here is based primarily on data elicited through a specialised questionnaire on impersonal human reference (presented in Barberà & Cabredo-Hofherr to appear), initially developed for spoken languages (SpLs) and adapted for sign languages (SLs). The strategies revealed are compared with those discussed in our prior study. We begin with a brief review of the literature on impersonal human reference in SpLs and SLs, and a presentation of our theoretical framework for the analysis of LSF. We then elaborate on our methodology and the issues raised by the elicitation protocol adopted, from initial stages of its preparation to the representation of our data. As for our main results, our data exhibit the structuring character of the existential/universal (unrestricted) opposition in LSF ; the first tend to occur with overt agent marking, while the preferred strategy in the latter appears to be null subject. There is also a clear contrast in existential contexts, between a singular agent (marked by ONE (SOMEONE) and those that evoke a non-singular agent or a vague plurality (marked by what we glossed Circ Pt / 3pl-On). However, the existential vs. universal opposition must be nuanced. Existentials with a generalizing / habitual predication clearly involve the idiomatic sign PI, which is a strong habitual/typicality marker in LSF. A central feature of this marker seems to be the exclusion of an overt impersonal agentive subject. This case is illustrated in locative universals, which also indicate typicality (an attitude or characteristic of a particular group), and exhibit very similar strategies to signal impersonal human reference (null subject associated with PI). The null subject strategy, the preferred strategy in unrestricted universals, seems to be a possible alternative in most contexts, existential or universal. Setting aside conditionals and verbs of saying, the one exceptional context in this respect, notable but semantically consistent, is the anchored (episodic) existential which seems to obligatorily require overt marking of an impersonal agent. Our elicited data confirmed an observation made in our previous discourse corpus study, namely : the highest degree of impersonality (in unrestricted universals) is expressed in LSF through subject ellipsis without any spatial anchoring for the lexical sequence of the utterance (neutral space). In addition, we have identified two particularly interesting impersonal markers used in universal contexts : the 2nd person pronoun and the so-called “instructional personal transfer” (“TP prescriptif”). The 2nd person pronoun as a marker of impersonal reference (IX2), although rare in our data, has been identified in other SLs, including LSC (Barberà & Quer, 2013). The instructional personal transfer, also rare in our elicited data, is prevalent in our discourse corpora, and appears to be restricted to specific semantic contexts—the presentation of a sequence of instructions, a manufacturing process or a recipe. We have suggested to relate this specific type of personal transfer to the impersonal 2nd person used in some SpLs, particularly in their oral (non-written) form. In contrast, we note that our data did not include a number of strategies observed in other SLs, such as the impersonal 1st person pronoun (IX1) or the interrogative pronoun WHO. The latter is attested only once in our elicited data (in the vague existential context), but was preceded by the signs ONE (SOMEONE) and Circ Pt / 3pl-On, in contrast to its use in LSC, for example. Another significant point that must be addressed is the use of the upper area of the frontal plane as a marker of impersonal human reference in LSF. We have noted that this location has been identified as a central impersonal marker in LSC, which echoes past observations with respect to LSF. It should be noted, first, that the relevance of this high ipselaterale zone was noted in our discourse corpus study, where we identified it as the starting point of agreement verbs such as SAY, INFORM or GIVE used to indicate an undefined/impersonal human agent (commonly translated by French on). Although not discussed in this article, we must stress the importance of the 'high zone' marker in LSF for constructions of this type (indefinite agent with agreement verbs). Moreover, in our elicited data, the high zone was attested in only two types of contexts, the anchored (episodic) existential and the existential with plurality of referents (vague plurality). In the first case, which also excludes the use of the null subject, our data lead us to conclude that the anchoring of a pronominal or nominal agent ONE (SOMEONE) or PERSON in the upper area of the frontal plane is not related to impersonal marking. Rather, it is motivated by iconic considerations, as this location topographically reflects the high location of the agent relative to the object operated (the bell /the light flash). In contrast, the upper area associated to the Circ-Pt / 3pl-On marker in existentials with vague plurality clearly conveys the low referentiality of the agent. This is one of the points that await further confirmation via systematic study of our discourse corpora. Finally, some comments may be added with respect to the null subject strategy. At this stage, we can offer two hypotheses, which also require further research. First, we have observed that the null subject strategy is an available option in almost all contexts tested by the questionnaire. We noted that, in the vast majority of cases, the target sentences could be translated to French with the pronoun on. This pattern corresponds to analyses of French on, namely that it covers all impersonal uses identified so far in SpLs (see Gast & van der Auwera, 2013). As such, it seems reasonable to hypothesise that the null subject in LSF is the closest equivalent to French on, and not the circular pointing forms (annotated Circ-Pt / 3pl-On for lack of a better gloss), although the latter would appear close to French on in some of its values. In our analysis of the Circ-Pt / 3pl-On marker, we have raised the possibility, left for future research, that it may be equivalent to the 3pl-IMP markers (i.e. impersonal use of the 3rd person plural personal pronoun) described in the literature on SpLs, or that it is a marker unique to LSF. The second hypothesis directly concerns a typological issue. In the absence of systematic study of this issue, we cannot say for certain whether LSF should be considered a pro-drop (or partially pro-drop) language. However, our empirical observations suggest this is indeed the case. If so, our results in this study corroborate the Siewierska’s (2011) correlation between pro-drop languages and the null subject strategy

Les acrylates et les méthacrylates : allergènes cutanés et respiratoires

International audienc

Analyse rétrospective des cas de Syndromes d’Intolérance aux Odeurs Chimiques vus en consultation de pathologies professionnelles au CHI Créteil

International audienceContexteLe syndrome d’intolérance aux odeurs chimiques (SIOC) est une intolérance environnementale idiopathique. Les personnes souffrant d’un SIOC présentent des symptômes non spécifiques (respiratoires, ORL, neurologiques, dermatologiques, ophtalmologiques, rhumatologiques, gastroentérologiques, …) apparaissant lors de l’exposition à des produits chimiques parfumés ou odorants multiples. Ils varient mais restent constants pour un même individu d’un épisode à l’autre. Ils sont parfois associés à certains traits psychiatriques. Sa fréquence est en augmentation. Le retentissement psycho social et professionnel est important, Ces patients sont souvent persuadés qu’ils sont intoxiqués ou allergiques, motivant leur consultation en service de pathologies professionnelles ou en allergologie.ObjectifLe but de ce travail est de caractériser les SIOC par rapport aux manifestations respiratoires fréquemment associées.MéthodeNous avons repris les dossiers de 85 patients ayant consulté entre janvier 2013 et avril 2018 dans le service de pathologies professionnelles et de l’environnement du CHI Créteil pour lesquels le diagnostic de SIOC a été porté : 42 individus pour lesquels le SIOC était isolé sans anomalie aux EFR, 43 ayant un diagnostic d’asthme ou de rhinite se compliquant d’un authentique SIOC.RésultatsUn agent déclencheur était identifié dans 44 cas. Les nettoyants désinfectants concentrés étaient identifiés 21 fois, les solvants 8 fois, les résines et les travaux 6 fois, les persulfates 5 fois. Globalement, 24 cas (28 %) correspondaient à des SIOC observés dans les suites d’un accident aigu d’exposition (dont 9 cas de syndromes de Brooks) ; dans 34 cas (40 %) le SIOC s’inscrivait dans un contexte de pathologie d’allure immunoallergique respiratoire, et dans 27 cas (32 %) le SIOC apparaît sans signes respiratoires aigus ni allergiques sans élément déclencheur identifié. Des antécédents psychiatriques étaient retrouvés chez 10 patients. Près de 40 % de l’effectif a eu recours à des arrêts de travail prolongés et près de 30 % a perdu son emploi.ConclusionLes manifestations respiratoires étaient fréquentes (50 %) au cours du SIOC dans cette série. Le SIOC est une pathologie complexe dont la physiopathologie n’est pour l’instant pas établie. Dans 40 % des cas, le diagnostic a été porté plus de 5 ans après le début des symptômes. Une identification précoce devrait permettre une meilleure prise en charge

La langue des signes, c’est comme ça

Sous la direction de Mélanie Hamm Comité scientifique Maria Fernanda Arentsen, Université de Saint-Boniface, Canada Anne Bamberg, Université de Strasbourg, France Chérif Blein, Aix-Marseille Université, France Annelies Braffort, LIMSI, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France Sylvain Brétéché, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, PRISM, Aix-en-Provence, France Martine Faraco, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Jacques Goorma, Eurobabel, Strasbourg, France Médéric Gasquet-Cyrus, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Mélanie Hamm, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Michèle Kirch, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France Sibylle Kriegel, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Geneviève Le Corre, Collectif Des Sourds du Finistère, Brest, France Claire Maury-Rouan, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Agnès Millet, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Lidilem, Grenoble, France Nathalie Niederberger Costello, Lycée Français de San Francisco, États-Unis d’Amérique Béatrice Priego-Valverde, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Jean-Philippe Prost, Université Montpellier, CNRS, LIRMM, Montpellier, France Anne Tortel, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Nicolas Tournadre, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Universitaire de France, CNRS, Lacito, Villejuif, France Daniel Véronique, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL, Aix-en-Provence, France Alice Vittrant, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Lacito, Villejuif, Franc