595 research outputs found
Stability boundaries of roll and square convection in binary fluid mixtures with positive separation ratio
Rayleigh-B\'{e}nard convection in horizontal layers of binary fluid mixtures
heated from below with realistic horizontal boundary conditions is studied
theoretically using multi-mode Galerkin expansions. For positive separation
ratios the main difference between the mixtures and pure fluids lies in the
existence of stable three dimensional patterns near onset in a wide range of
the parameter space. We evaluated the stationary solutions of roll, crossroll,
and square convection and we determined the location of the stability
boundaries for many parameter combinations thereby obtaining the Busse balloon
for roll and square patterns.Comment: 19 pages + 15 figures, accepted by Journal of Fluid Mechanic
Standing wave oscillations in binary mixture convection: from onset via symmetry breaking to period doubling into chaos
Oscillatory solution branches of the hydrodynamic field equations describing
convection in the form of a standing wave (SW) in binary fluid mixtures heated
from below are determined completely for several negative Soret coefficients.
Galerkin as well as finite-difference simulations were used. They were
augmented by simple control methods to obtain also unstable SW states. For
sufficiently negative Soret coefficients unstable SWs bifurcate subcritically
out of the quiescent conductive state. They become stable via a saddle-node
bifurcation when lateral phase pinning is exerted. Eventually their invariance
under time-shift by half a period combined with reflexion at midheight of the
fluid layer gets broken. Thereafter they terminate by undergoing a
period-doubling cascade into chaos
Roll convection of binary fluid mixtures in porous media
We investigate theoretically the nonlinear state of ideal straight rolls in
the Rayleigh-B\'enard system of a fluid layer heated from below with a porous
medium using a Galerkin method. Applying the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation,
binary mixtures with positive separation ratio are studied and compared to
one-component fluids. Our results for the structural properties of roll
convection resemble qualitatively the situation in the Rayleigh--B\'enard
system without porous medium except for the fact that the streamlines of binary
mixtures are deformed in the so-called Soret regime. The deformation of the
streamlines is explained by means of the Darcy equation which is used to
describe the transport of momentum. In addition to the properties of the rolls,
their stability against arbitrary infinitesimal perturbations is investigated.
We compute stability balloons for the pure fluid case as well as for a wide
parameter range of Lewis numbers and separation ratios which are typical for
binary gas and fluid mixtures. The stability regions of rolls are found to be
restricted by a crossroll, a zigzag and a new type of oscillatory instability
mechanism, which can be related to the crossroll mechanism
Nonlocality in many-body quantum systems detected with two-body correlators
Contemporary understanding of correlations in quantum many-body systems and
in quantum phase transitions is based to a large extent on the recent intensive
studies of entanglement in many-body systems. In contrast, much less is known
about the role of quantum nonlocality in these systems, mostly because the
available multipartite Bell inequalities involve high-order correlations among
many particles, which are hard to access theoretically, and even harder
experimentally. Standard, "theorist- and experimentalist-friendly" many-body
observables involve correlations among only few (one, two, rarely three...)
particles. Typically, there is no multipartite Bell inequality for this
scenario based on such low-order correlations. Recently, however, we have
succeeded in constructing multipartite Bell inequalities that involve two- and
one-body correlations only, and showed how they revealed the nonlocality in
many-body systems relevant for nuclear and atomic physics [Science 344, 1256
(2014)]. With the present contribution we continue our work on this problem. On
the one hand, we present a detailed derivation of the above Bell inequalities,
pertaining to permutation symmetry among the involved parties. On the other
hand, we present a couple of new results concerning such Bell inequalities.
First, we characterize their tightness. We then discuss maximal quantum
violations of these inequalities in the general case, and their scaling with
the number of parties. Moreover, we provide new classes of two-body Bell
inequalities which reveal nonlocality of the Dicke states---ground states of
physically relevant and experimentally realizable Hamiltonians. Finally, we
shortly discuss various scenarios for nonlocality detection in mesoscopic
systems of trapped ions or atoms, and by atoms trapped in the vicinity of
designed nanostructures.Comment: 46 pages (25.2 + appendices), 7 figure
Technologische Alternativen zum herkömmlichen Einsatz von Pökelstoffen in Öko-Fleischwaren
On the basis of literature research and opinions of meat processors and other experts, this paper discusses alternatives to the currently permitted use of curing agents in the processing of organic meat. These alternatives include (i) the reduction of addition of nitrite to levels sufficient for the desired sensory properties, (ii) the in situ bacterial formation of nitrite from nitrate naturally present in added vegetable preparations, and (iii) not making use of the beneficial effects of nitrite on the colour and aroma of the product at all. Measures to be taken to compensate for the effects of nitrite, as well as problems in implementation of technological alternatives are discussed
Interaction-free measurements by quantum Zeno stabilisation of ultracold atoms
Quantum mechanics predicts that our physical reality is influenced by events
that can potentially happen but factually do not occur. Interaction-free
measurements (IFMs) exploit this counterintuitive influence to detect the
presence of an object without requiring any interaction with it. Here we
propose and realize an IFM concept based on an unstable many-particle system.
In our experiments, we employ an ultracold gas in an unstable spin
configuration which can undergo a rapid decay. The object - realized by a laser
beam - prevents this decay due to the indirect quantum Zeno effect and thus,
its presence can be detected without interacting with a single atom. Contrary
to existing proposals, our IFM does not require single-particle sources and is
only weakly affected by losses and decoherence. We demonstrate confidence
levels of 90%, well beyond previous optical experiments.Comment: manuscript with 5 figures, 3 supplementary figure, 1 supplementary
not
Spontaneous breaking of spatial and spin symmetry in spinor condensates
Parametric amplification of quantum fluctuations constitutes a fundamental
mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking. In our experiments, a spinor
condensate acts as a parametric amplifier of spin modes, resulting in a twofold
spontaneous breaking of spatial and spin symmetry in the amplified clouds. Our
experiments permit a precise analysis of the amplification in specific spatial
Bessel-like modes, allowing for the detailed understanding of the double
symmetry breaking. On resonances that create vortex-antivortex superpositions,
we show that the cylindrical spatial symmetry is spontaneously broken, but
phase squeezing prevents spin-symmetry breaking. If, however, nondegenerate
spin modes contribute to the amplification, quantum interferences lead to
spin-dependent density profiles and hence spontaneously-formed patterns in the
longitudinal magnetization.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
Satisfying the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen criterion with massive particles
In 1935, Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) questioned the completeness of
quantum mechanics by devising a quantum state of two massive particles with
maximally correlated space and momentum coordinates. The EPR criterion
qualifies such continuous-variable entangled states, where a measurement of one
subsystem seemingly allows for a prediction of the second subsystem beyond the
Heisenberg uncertainty relation. Up to now, continuous-variable EPR
correlations have only been created with photons, while the demonstration of
such strongly correlated states with massive particles is still outstanding.
Here, we report on the creation of an EPR-correlated two-mode squeezed state in
an ultracold atomic ensemble. The state shows an EPR entanglement parameter of
0.18(3), which is 2.4 standard deviations below the threshold 1/4 of the EPR
criterion. We also present a full tomographic reconstruction of the underlying
many-particle quantum state. The state presents a resource for tests of quantum
nonlocality and a wide variety of applications in the field of
continuous-variable quantum information and metrology.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure
0.75 atoms improve the clock signal of 10,000 atoms
Since the pioneering work of Ramsey, atom interferometers are employed for
precision metrology, in particular to measure time and to realize the second.
In a classical interferometer, an ensemble of atoms is prepared in one of the
two input states, whereas the second one is left empty. In this case, the
vacuum noise restricts the precision of the interferometer to the standard
quantum limit (SQL). Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel
clock configuration that surpasses the SQL by squeezing the vacuum in the empty
input state. We create a squeezed vacuum state containing an average of 0.75
atoms to improve the clock sensitivity of 10,000 atoms by 2.05 dB. The SQL
poses a significant limitation for today's microwave fountain clocks, which
serve as the main time reference. We evaluate the major technical limitations
and challenges for devising a next generation of fountain clocks based on
atomic squeezed vacuum.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure
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