Elasticity spectra as a tool to investigate actin cortex mechanics

Background: The mechanical properties of single living cells have proven to be a powerful marker of the cell physiological state. The use of nanoindentation-based single cell force spectroscopy provided a wealth of information on the elasticity of cells, which is still largely to be exploited. The simplest model to describe cell mechanics is to treat them as a homogeneous elastic material and describe it in terms of the Young’s modulus. Beside its simplicity, this approach proved to be extremely informative, allowing to assess the potential of this physical indicator towards high throughput phenotyping in diagnostic and prognostic applications. Results: Here we propose an extension of this analysis to explicitly account for the properties of the actin cortex. We present a method, the Elasticity Spectra, to calculate the apparent stiffness of the cell as a function of the indentation depth and we suggest a simple phenomenological approach to measure the thickness and stiffness of the actin cortex, in addition to the standard Young’s modulus. Conclusions: The Elasticity Spectra approach is tested and validated on a set of cells treated with cytoskeleton-affecting drugs, showing the potential to extend the current representation of cell mechanics, without introducing a detailed and complex description of the intracellular structure

Multiscale mechanical analysis of the elastic modulus of skin

The mechanical properties of the skin determine tissue function and regulate dermal cell behavior. Yet measuring these properties remains challenging, as evidenced by the large range of elastic moduli reported in the literature-from below one kPa to hundreds of MPa. Here, we reconcile these disparate results by dedicated experiments at both tissue and cellular length scales and by computational models considering the multiscale and multiphasic tissue structure. At the macroscopic tissue length scale, the collective behavior of the collagen fiber network under tension provides functional tissue stiffness, and its properties determine the corresponding elastic modulus (100-200 kPa). The compliant microscale environment (0.1-10 kPa), probed by atomic force microscopy, arises from the ground matrix without engaging the collagen fiber network. Our analysis indicates that indentation-based elasticity measurements, although probing tissue properties at the cell-relevant length scale, do not assess the deformation mechanisms activated by dermal cells when exerting traction forces on the extracellular matrix. Using dermal-equivalent collagen hydrogels, we demonstrate that indentation measurements of tissue stiffness do not correlate with the behavior of embedded dermal fibroblasts. These results provide a deeper understanding of tissue mechanics across length scales with important implications for skin mechanobiology and tissue engineering. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Measuring the mechanical properties of the skin is essential for understanding dermal cell mechanobiology and designing tissue-engineered skin substitutes. However, previous results reported for the elastic modulus of skin vary by six orders of magnitude. We show that two distinct deformation mechanisms, related to the tension-compression nonlinearity of the collagen fiber network, can explain the large variations in elastic moduli. Furthermore, we show that microscale indentation, which is frequently used to assess the stiffness perceived by cells, fails to engage the fiber network, and therefore cannot predict the behavior of dermal fibroblasts in stiffness-tunable fibrous hydrogels. This has important implications for how to measure and interpret the mechanical properties of soft tissues across length scales

Piezo1 – serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A – Cofilin1 biochemical mechanotransduction axis controls F-actin dynamics and cell migration

This study sheds light on a ground-breaking biochemical mechanotransduction pathway and reveals how Piezo1 channels orchestrate cell migration. We observed an increased cell migration rate in HEK293T (HEK) cells treated with Yoda1, a Piezo1 agonist, or in HEK cells overexpressing Piezo1 (HEK+P). Conversely, a significant reduction in cell motility was observed in HEK cells treated with GsMTx4 (a channel inhibitor) or upon silencing Piezo1 (HEK-P). Our findings establish a direct correlation between alterations in cell motility, Piezo1 expression, abnormal F-actin microfilament dynamics, and the regulation of Cofilin1, a protein involved in severing F-actin microfilaments. Here, the conversion of inactive pCofilin1 to active Cofilin1, mediated by the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit C (PP2AC), resulted in increased severing of F-actin microfilaments and enhanced cell migration in HEK+P cells compared to HEK controls. However, this effect was negligible in HEK-P and HEK cells transfected with hsa-miR-133b, which post-transcriptionally inhibited PP2AC mRNA expression. In summary, our study suggests that Piezo1 regulates cell migration through a biochemical mechanotransduction pathway involving PP2AC-mediated Cofilin1 dephosphorylation, leading to changes in F-actin microfilament dynamics

Experimental and data analysis workflow for soft matter nanoindentation

Nanoindentation refers to a class of experimental techniques where a micrometric force probe is used to quantify the local mechanical properties of soft biomaterials and cells. This approach has gained a central role in the fields of mechanobiology, biomaterials design and tissue engineering, to obtain a proper mechanical characterization of soft materials with a resolution comparable to the size of single cells (μm). The most popular strategy to acquire such experimental data is to employ an atomic force microscope (AFM); while this instrument offers an unprecedented resolution in force (down to pN) and space (sub-nm), its usability is often limited by its complexity that prevents routine measurements of integral indicators of mechanical properties, such as Young's Modulus (E). A new generation of nanoindenters, such as those based on optical fiber sensing technology, has recently gained popularity for its ease of integration while allowing to apply sub-nN forces with µm spatial resolution, therefore being suitable to probe local mechanical properties of hydrogels and cells. In this protocol, a step-by-step guide detailing the experimental procedure to acquire nanoindentation data on hydrogels and cells using a commercially available ferrule-top optical fiber sensing nanoindenter is presented. Whereas some steps are specific to the instrument used herein, the proposed protocol can be taken as a guide for other nanoindentation devices, granted some steps are adapted according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Further, a new open-source Python software equipped with a user-friendly graphical user interface for the analysis of nanoindentation data is presented, which allows for screening of incorrectly acquired curves, data filtering, computation of the contact point through different numerical procedures, the conventional computation of E, as well as a more advanced analysis particularly suited for single-cell nanoindentation data

Dissecting cell membrane tension dynamics and its effect on Piezo1-mediated cellular mechanosensitivity using force-controlled nanopipettes

The dynamics of cellular membrane tension and its role in mechanosensing, which is the ability of cells to respond to physical stimuli, remain incompletely understood, mainly due to the lack of appropriate tools. Here, we report a force-controlled nanopipette-based method that combines fluidic force microscopy with fluorescence imaging for precise manipulation of the cellular membrane tension while monitoring the impact on single-cell mechanosensitivity. The force-controlled nanopipette enables control of the indentation force imposed on the cell cortex as well as of the aspiration pressure applied to the plasma membrane. We show that this setup can be used to concurrently monitor the activation of Piezo1 mechanosensitive ion channels via calcium imaging. Moreover, the spatiotemporal behavior of the tension propagation is assessed with the fluorescent membrane tension probe Flipper-TR, and further dissected using molecular dynamics modeling. Finally, we demonstrate that aspiration and indentation act independently on the cellular mechanobiological machinery, that indentation induces a local pre-tension in the membrane, and that membrane tension stays confined by links to the cytoskeleton

Antibodies, repertoires and microdevices in antibody discovery and characterization

Therapeutic antibodies are paramount in treating a wide range of diseases, particularly in auto-immunity, inflammation and cancer, and novel antibody candidates recognizing a vast array of novel antigens are needed to expand the usefulness and applications of these powerful molecules. Microdevices play an essential role in this challenging endeavor at various stages since many general requirements of the overall process overlap nicely with the general advantages of microfluidics. Therefore, microfluidic devices are rapidly taking over various steps in the process of new candidate isolation, such as antibody characterization and discovery workflows. Such technologies can allow for vast improvements in timelines and incorporate conservative antibody stability and characterization assays, but most prominently screenings and functional characterization within integrated workflows due to high throughput and standardized workflows. First, we aim to provide an overview of the challenges of developing new therapeutic candidates, their repertoires and requirements. Afterward, this review focuses on the discovery of antibodies using microfluidic systems, technological aspects of micro devices and small-scale antibody protein characterization and selection, as well as their integration and implementation into antibody discovery workflows. We close with future developments in microfluidic detection and antibody isolation principles and the field in general.ISSN:1473-0197ISSN:1473-018

Fluidic force microscopy to access the interactions between gaz/liquid and biological interfaces

International audienceThe interactions between gaz/liquid interfaces (bubbles) and cells are involved in manybioprocesses. For example in bioreactors, breathing microorganisms interact with theirgrowth medium but also with the gases present in the medium under the form of bub-bles. While many studies are dedicated to the modelling of such processes, none of themhave yet looked into the interactions between the cells and the bubbles. Thus questioningthese interactions is highly original, and provides relevant data that can be used in manybiotechnological applications. But accessing such interactions presents several technologicalchallenges, the main one being to produce microsized bubbles, stable over time. In this pre-sentation, we show recent developments in which we produce stable bubbles using FluidFMtechnology that combines AFM with microfluidic AFM probes1. In this system, a micro-sized microfluidic channel is integrated in an AFM cantilever and connected to a pressurecontroller system, thus creating a continuous and closed fluidic conduit that can be filledwith air, while the tool can be immersed in a liquid environment. An aperture at the endof the cantilever allows the air to be pushed out of the probe into the liquid, resulting inthe creation of a bubble. Force feedback is then ensured by a standard AFM laser detectionsystem that measures the deflection of the cantilever and thus, interactions can be probeddirectly with cells. Finally, the bubbles produced using this technique can be functionalizedwith surfactants, which allows to modulate the interactions between the bubble and cells

Probing the interactions between air bubbles and (bio)-interfaces at the molecular scale using FluidFM technology

International audienceUnderstanding the molecular mechanisms underlying bubble-(bio)surfaces interactions is currently a challenge that if overcame, would allow to understand and control the various processes in which they are involved. Atomic force microscopy is a valuable tool to measure such interactions, but it is limited by the large size and instability of bubbles that can be attached on surfaces or on AFM cantilevers. To overcome these challenges, we here develop a new method to probe more accurately the interactions between bubbles and (bio)-interfaces by taking advantage of the fluidic force microscopy technology (FluidFM) that combines AFM with microfluidics. In this system, a micro-sized channel is integrated into an AFM cantilever and connected to a pressure controller system, thus creating a continuous and closed fluidic conduit that can be filled with a solution, while the tool can be immersed in a liquid environment [1]. An aperture at the end of the cantilever allows liquids to be dispensed locally. In this study, we use FluidFM in an original manner, to produce microsized bubbles of 8 µm in diameter, directly at the aperture of the microchanneled FluidFM cantilevers. For that, as shown in Figure 1 instead of liquid, the cantilever is filled with air and immersed in a liquid environment. By applying a positive pressure inside the cantilever, we succeeded in forming bubbles of controlled size directly at its aperture. Because the same pressure is maintained in the cantilever during the experiment, the dissolution of the gases from the bubble is compensated, which allows keeping the size of the bubble constant over time. After the characterization of the bubbles produced using this method, their interactions with hydrophobic surfaces were probed, showing that bubbles behave like hydrophobic surfaces. Thus they can be used to measure the hydrophobic properties of microorganisms’ surfaces, but in this case the interactions are also influenced by electrostatic forces. Finally we developed a strategy to functionalize their surface, thereby modulating their interactions with microorganisms’ surfaces. This new method provides a valuable tool to understand bubble-(bio)surfaces interactions but also to engineer them