Applications of Carboxylic Acids in Organic Synthesis, Nanotechnology and Polymers

Carboxylic acids are versatile organic compounds. In this chapter is presented a current overview of the use of carboxylic acids in a different area as organic synthesis, nanotechnology, and polymers. The application carboxylic acids in these areas are: obtaining of small molecules, macromolecules, synthetic or natural polymers, modification surface of nanoparticles metallic, modification surface of nanostructure such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, nanomaterials, medical field, pharmacy, etc. Carboxylic acids can be natural and synthetic, can be extracted or synthesized, presented chemical structure highly polar, active in organic reactions, as substitution, elimination, oxidation, coupling, etc. In nanotechnology, the use of acid carboxylic as surface modifiers to promote the dispersion and incorporation of metallic nanoparticles or carbon nanostructure, in the area of polymer carboxylic acids present applications such monomers, additives, catalysts, etc. The purpose of this chapter is to emphasize the importance of carboxylic acids in different areas, highlighting the area of organic synthesis, nanotechnology and polymers and its applications

Estudio sintético y caracterización por infrarrojo de derivados 2-(AMINO) 1,4-naftoquinona y su evaluación antibacteriana preliminar

Naphthoquinones are compounds of natural or synthetic origin which have shown important biological activities, as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial and anticancer agents. This paper reports the 2-(amine)-1,4-naphthoquinone synthesis using different methods such as the room temperature synthesis (RTS), conventional heating synthesis (CCS) and ultrasound-assisted synthesis (UAS). Characterization was performed by infrared spectroscopy. In addition, antibacterial capacity was also determined against Proteus sp. and Enterococcus faecalis strains. The 2-benzylamine-1,4-naphthoquinone derivative showed the highest activity.Las naftoquinonas son compuestos de origen natural o sintético que han mostrado importantes actividades biológicas, resaltando como agentes antibacterianos, antifúngicos, antimaláricos y anticancerígenos. En el presente trabajo se reportan los resultados de la síntesis utilizando diferentes métodos como la síntesis a temperatura ambiente (STA), síntesis por calentamiento convencional (SCC) y síntesis asistida por ultrasonido (SAU) de los derivados 2-(amino)-1,4-naftoquinona. Se realizó su caracterización por espectroscopía de infrarrojo. Además se determinó su capacidad como agentes antibacterianos frente a las cepas Proteus sp. y Enterococcus faecalis. La mayor actividad lo mostró el derivado 2-bencilamino-1,4-naftoquinona

Síntesis de la N,N-diisopropiletanoamida y N,N-dibutiletanoamida mediante métodos de activación no convencionales: microondas y ultrasonido

En la presente investigación se sintetizaron dos amidas: N,N-diisopropiletanoamida y N,N-dibutiletanoamida, empleando dos diferentes fuentes de activación no convencionales: microondas y ultrasonido. Se demostró que el uso del microondas en este tipo de síntesis aumenta considerablemente los rendimientos y disminuye los tiempos de reacción. En la síntesis de N,N-diisopropiletanoamida se obtuvieron rendimientos de 75% para la síntesis asistida por microondas (SAM) y 35% en la síntesis asistida por ultrasonido (SAUS). Los rendimientos para la N,N-dibutiletanoamida fueron de 73% (SAM) y 45% (SAUS). Los tiempos de reacción empleados fueron 15 min. (SAM) y 7 horas (SAUS). Cabe destacar que todas las reacciones fueron llevadas a cabo en una sola etapa y en ausencia de solvente.177-183cuatrimestreIn the present investigation two amides were synthesized: N, N-diisopropiletanoamida and N, N-dibutyletano-amide, using two different non-conventional sources of activation: microwave and ultrasound. It was shown that the use of microwaves in this type of synthesis greatly increases yields and decreases reaction times. In the synthesis of N, N-diisopropyletanoamide yields were about 75% for the synthesis assisted by microwaves (SAM) and 35% in the ultrasound-assisted synthesis (SAUS). The yields for the N, N-dibutiletanoamida were 73% (SAM) and 45% (SAUS). The reaction times employed were 15 min. (SAM) and 7 hours (SAUS). It is noteworthy that all reactions were carried out in a single step and in the absence of solvent

Speciation, Phenotypic Variation and Plasticity: What Can Endocrine Disruptors Tell Us?

Phenotype variability, phenotypic plasticity, and the inheritance of phenotypic traits constitute the fundamental ground of processes such as individuation, individual and species adaptation and ultimately speciation. Even though traditional evolutionary thinking relies on genetic mutations as the main source of intra- and interspecies phenotypic variability, recent studies suggest that the epigenetic modulation of gene transcription and translation, epigenetic memory, and epigenetic inheritance are by far the most frequent reliable sources of transgenerational variability among viable individuals within and across organismal species. Therefore, individuation and speciation should be considered as nonmutational epigenetic phenomena