TECHNICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SWIMMING CRAWLSTROKE USING HAND PADDLES, FINS AND SNORKEL IN SWIMMING FLUME: A PILOT STUDY

We evaluated the effect on front-crawl during a 5 minutes effort in a swimming flume, at a speed 95% of 400m wearing swimming paddles, fins or frontal snorkel. It was evaluated measuring changes on stroke frequency, stroke length, ERP, lactate concentration and pulse rate post-effort. An one-way repeated measures ANOVA showed the stroke frequency was significantly affected F(2.3, 27.6) = 20.69

PAP in Swimming Starts: Lunge Vs YoYo Squat

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two protocols of post-activation potentiation (PAP) on swim start performance (SS). Fourteen trained swimmers (10 men and 4 women) voluntereed for this study. An intra-group design of randomised repetitive measurements was applied. A previous SS trial, performed after a standard warm up (SWU), served as a reference. Two methods of PAP, performed after one hour of rest, were randomly added to SWU: i) three lunges at 85% of 1 repetition maximum (LWU), and ii) four repetitions on the flywheel device YoYo squat (YWU). Swimmers were tested in an SS eigth minutes after the PAP warm-ups. Kinematic variables were collected using three underwater digital video cameras fixed poolside and operating at 25 Hz, and one high speed camera focused on the block and operating at 300 Hz. Data obtained from the video analysis were processed using a repeated measures analysis of the variance. The mean horizontal velocity of the swimmer's flight improved after both PAP methods, with the greatest improvement after YWU (F2,12= 47.042, p < 0.001; SWU = 3.63±0.11; LWU = 4.15 ± 0.12; YWU = 4.89 ± 0.12 m/s). After YWU, it took the subjects less time to cover a distance of five meters (F2,12 = 24.453, p < 0.001) and fifteen meters (F2,12 = 4.262, p < 0.04). Subjects also achieved a higher mean angular velocity of the knee extension (F2,12 = 23.286, p < 0.001) and a reduction of the time on the block (F2,12 = 6.595, p < 0.05). These results demonstrate that muscle performance in the execution of an SS is enhanced after a warm-up with specific PAP protocols. YWU leads to the greatest improvement in the performance of the swimmer 's start and, therefore, may be specially beneficial in short events.CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic

Postactivation potentiation on 50-meter freestyle

Postactivation potentiation (PAP) is a phenomenon which improves muscle contractility, strength and speed in sporting performances through previously applied maximal or submaximal loads on the muscle system. This study aimed to assess the effects of two types of activation protocols based on PAP, on sprint swimming performance. A repeated-measures design was used to compare three different scenarios prior to a 50-m race. First, all of the participants performed a standard warm-up (SWU), consisting of a 400-m swim followed by dynamic stretching. This protocol acted as the control. Subsequently, the swimmers were randomly assigned into two groups: the swimmers in the first group performed the SWU followed by a PAP one-repetition warm-up (RMWU), consisting of three “lunge” and three “arm stroke” repetitions, both at 85% of the one-repetition maximum. The swimmers in the second group performed the SWU followed by a PAP eccentric flywheel warm-up (EWU), consisting of one set of four repetitions of exercises of both the lower and upper limbs on an adapted eccentric flywheel at the maximal voluntary contraction. The time required for the swimmers to swim 5 and 10 m was shorter with the PAP protocols. The swimming velocity of the swimmers who underwent the EWU and RMWU protocols were faster at 5 and 10 m. The best total swimming time was not influenced by any of the protocols. When isolating swimming (excluding start performance and turn), best time was achieved with the SWU and RMWU compared with EWU (SWU: 20.86 ± 0.95 s; EWU: 21.25 ± 1.12 s; RMWU: 20.97 ± 1.22 s). In conclusion, a warm up based on PAP protocols might exert an influence on performance in the first meters of a 50-m race. Nevertheless, other factors, such as fatigue, could modify swimming patterns and yield results contradictory to those of the desired task.CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic

Assessment of feedback devices for performance monitoring in master’s swimmers

In recent years, new portable performance monitoring devices have appeared in swimming. The study aims to establish the current validity of the FORM Goggles, Finis Stopwatch, and the Garmin Swim 2 Watch, for the partial and total times and stroke count (experiment 1; n = 17) and to compare the effect of the devices considered as valid in monitoring the pace of master swimmers (experiment 2; n = 10). The FORM Goggles and the Finis Stopwatch showed good level of agreement and accuracy (Bland Altman plots showed homoscedasticity and in most cases Lin’s concordance correlation coefficient were>0.95, and the error magnitude<0.2 seconds). These systems allow better pace control compared to Garmin Swim 2, with a difference between target and actual time below 1.5 %. However, the results showed that the concurrent feedback provided by FORM Smart Swim Goggles could offer greater advantages than the traditional feedback provided via the Finis Stopwatch at the end of each series, as swimmers were closer to the target time (p < 0.05). In conclusion both the FORM Goggles and the Finis Stopwatch, showed a good validity and could serve for performance monitoring in swimming, allowing the Form Goggles better pace control.CTS-527Agencia de Innovación y Desarollo de Andalucía [B- SEJ-164-UGR20 “SWIM FOR LIFE”

Programa de mentorización de profesorado novel de la facultad de ciencias del deporte de la Universidad de Granada

En esta experiencia se ha llevado acabo un programa de mentorización de dos profesores noveles de la Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte de la Universidad de Granada, mediante una entrevista personal previa entre mentora y profesores, posteriormente un ciclo de mejora tratando de detectar los puntos débiles de cada uno de los principiantes, y a través de varios talleres y seminarios organizados en el Programa de Formación, buscamos una evolución, valorada con un segundo ciclo de mejora. Obteniendo como resultado cambios favorables en su labor docente; mejora en cuanto a la organización, gestión y control de sus clases, así como en lo referente a la forma de llevar a cabo sus exposiciones (expresión oral, posición corporal y el mensaje). De manera que se ha conseguido dotar a estos docentes de una mayor seguridad en sí mismos y una mejor gestión, organización y puesta en práctica de sus clases, mejorando de este modo, su labor docent

Effect of an activation protocol based on postactivation potentiation on swimming start performance

Introduction: There is a potentiation method called Postactivation Potentiation (PAP) which is based on the application of near maximal loads, conducted prior to the exercise performance, which improves the ballistic movement (Tillin & Bishop, 2009). The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of an activation protocol on swimming start performance (SS). Methods: Fourteen trained volunteer swimmers participated in the study. An intra-group design of randomized repetitive measurements was applied. A previous standard SS trial after a standard warm up served as reference (P1). One method of activation was applied: Four repetitions in the flywheel YoYo Squat (P2). Kinematic variable of SS were collected using video analysis Results: After P2, the subjects achieved a higher mean horizontal velocity during the flight (VxH) (4.89 ± 0.12 m/s) than after P1 (3.63 ± 0.11 m/s) (p < 0.001). After P2, it took the subjects less time to cover a distance of five meters (T5m) (1.65 ± 0.052 sec) compared to P1 (1.75 ± 0.057 sec) (p ≤ 0.001) Discussion: The use of the flywheel device was based on two clear objectives: taking advantage of the high lower limb activation which provokes potentiation; and the possibility to execute an activation gesture almost identical to the real action. The results obtained in this study are clear evidence that an improvement of the peak forces occurred on the block as was observed by Breed and Young (2003). We observed that VxH ostensibly improved, which means that the swimmer’s flight was longer and faster. T5m also showed to be shorter after P2 application, suggesting that take-off potentiation provokes that swimmer enter into the water with more velocity. These results suggest that a warm up based on the PAP by repetitions on the flywheel improves the SS.CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic

post high intensity pull-over semi-tethered swimming potentiation in national competitive swimmers

BacKGround: The swimming community has shown considerable interest in using dry-land warm-ups as a method of impacting perfor- mance. This study compared the effects of high-resistance pull-over and swimming warm-up in semi-tethered resisted swimming. MeThodS: an incremental-load semi-tethered swimming test was individually administered in 20 national-competitive swimmers to deter- mine the load maximizing swimming power. in different sessions, participants tested such a load 6 min after a swimming warm-up (SWu) or a dry-land warm-up (dlWu: 3 pull-over reps at 85% of the one-repetition maximum). Kinetic variables (velocity, force, acceleration, impulse, power rate of force development [rfd] and intra-cycle variation), were obtained with a linear encoder through trapezoidal integration regarding time. Kinematic variables (distance, time, stroke-rate and stroke-length), were obtained by video recordings. The differences between protocols were observed by paired-samples t-test (ANOVA). Pearson’s coefficient explored correlations between kinetics and kinematics variables; sig- nificance was set at P<0.05. reSulTS: dlWu increased rfd (34.52±16.55 vs. 31.29±13.70 N/s; Δ=9.35%) and stroke-rate (64.70±9.84 vs. 61.56±7.07 Hz; Δ=5.10%) compared to SWu, but decreased velocity, force, acceleration, impulse and power. during the incremental-load test velocity and power were higher than obtained after SWu (1.21±0.14 vs. 1.17±0.12 m/s; Δ=3.06%), (51.38±14.93 vs. 49.98±15.40 W; Δ=2.72%), suggesting enhance- ments prompted by the test itself. Correlations between stroke-length with impulse (r=0.76) and power (r=0.75) associated kinetics with kine- matics. CONCLUSIONS: Potentiation responses were present after the dry-land warm-up. However, swimmers may benefit more from submaximal prolonged conditioning activities such as resisted swimming rather than high-resistance dry-land sets to obtain performance enhancements

Swimming with Swimsuit and Wetsuit at Typical vs. cold-water Temperatures (26 vs. 18 ℃)

The study aimed to compare three swimming conditions in a swimming flume with water at 26ºC (using swimsuit) and 18ºC (randomly with swimsuit and wetsuit). Seventeen swimmers (32.4±14.7 years old, 175.6±0.06cm height, and 70.4±9.8kg body mass) performed the three bouts until exhaustion at 400m front crawl pace (24h intervals). ANOVA repeated measures compared the experimental conditions. Swimming at 26ºC with swimsuit evidenced a higher metabolic demand (total energy expenditure; (E)), comparing to 18ºC swimsuit (p=0.05) and with 18ºC wetsuit (p=0.04). The 26ºC swimsuit condition presented higher peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), blood lactate concentrations ([La-]peak), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximal heart rate (HRmax), anaerobic lactic energy (AnL), E, energy cost (C), VO2 amplitude (Ap), and stroke rate (SR), but lower stroke length (SL) and stroke index (SI) than 18ºC wetsuit. The 18ºC swimsuit condition (comparing to wetsuit) lead to higher V̇O2peak, [La-]peak, HRmax, E, C, Ap, and SR but lower SL and SI. Swimming at aerobic power intensity with swim and wetsuit at 18ºC does not induce physiologic and biomechanical disadvantages comparing to 26ºC, The results suggested that the use of wetsuit might increase performance at 18ºC water temperature for competitive master swimmers. Thus, its use is recommended in open water swimming competitions when the water temperature is 18-20ºC

Relative force and PAP in swimming start performance

Firstly, it was studied the relationship between relative force (Frel) of the lower limbs in a isotonic Lunge test, with the performance in a swimming kick start (SS). Afterwards, were applied two Postactivation-Potentiation (PAP) specific warm ups in order to analyze their effect in performance considering the Frel of the subjects. Trained swimmers (n=14) volunteered in this study. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to verify the relationship between relative force and kinematic variables of a SS. Results revealed high correlation between relative force and performance in SS (Dive Distance: R2=0.872, p<0.001; Horizontal Hip Velocity: R2=0.308, p=0.049; Time to 15m: R2=-0.813, p<0.001). After PAP, swimmers with higher relative force showed a higher improvement on the kinematic variables of SS than those with lower values of strength.CTS-527: Actividad física y deportiva en el medio acuátic