Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children

Caracterización de las líneas de desarrollo profesional de los titulados de la carrera de Educación Física

Tesis (Educación Física)Se desconocen investigaciones que recaben información acerca de las líneas desarrolladas por los titulados de la carrera de Educación Física de las sedes de la Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello (UNAS) de Santiago de Chile. Para comprender el estudio y dar mayor respaldo y referencias se han agregado extractos de los documentos que han sido utilizados para los procesos de acreditación y validación de la Universidad y sus titulados. En este foco se adhieren: "Criterios generales de evaluación para carreras Profesionales. (CNA, Criterios generales de Evaluación para Carreras Profesionales, 2007)", "Evaluación de la calidad de la fonnación recibida. (UNAB, 2009)", "Carrera de Educación Física de la Universidad Andrés Bello", "Marco para la Buena Enseñanza", · Líneas de Desarrollo Profesional de la UNAB". Una vez comprendidos estos estudios y criterios de respaldo se explica el procedimiento. Para la realización del estudio se utilizó un instrumento de medición atingente, la aplicación de encuestas. Estas se aplicaron a los grupos objetivos y a sus respectivos empleadores. Se realizaron por medio de dos vías, vía telefónica y/o vía presencial, una vez obtenido los datos provenientes de las preguntas filtro que esclarecerían si trabajaban o no. Este estudio fue muy esclarecedor y concluyente, las· líneas en las cuales se desempeñan los titulados de la generación 2008, son la de pedagogía y deportes. Las demás líneas (líneas de Ciencias Biológicas, Fundamentos Humanos y Formación Instrumental Transversal) no han sido explotadas en su totalidad, lo que no quiere decir que no son líneas de apoyo para las dos líneas más desarrolladas, ya que dan mayor integralidad al profesional. Las referencias que se tenían, en relación a las expectativas laborales de los recién titulados eran mínimas, teniendo en cuenta los estudios de los principales sitios de los asuntos laborales, que dicen que "un recién titulado actualmente demora en promedio entre nueve y doce meses en encontrar trabajo" Sin embargo, en nuestro estudio quedó evidenciado totalmente lo contrario, ya que de los contactados el 86% está trabajando (un 82% trabaja en algo relacionado con Educación Física) y el 14 % restante está cesante.We do not known investigations about the tapies developed in routes by the graduated of the degree of physical education from the Faculty of the National University Andrés Bello from Santiago de Chile. To understand the study and give more back up and references, have been added extracts from the documents that have been used for process of accreditation and evaluation of the university and his graduates. In this focus we adhere: "General criterions of evaluation to professional degrees. (CNA, General criterions of evaluation to Professional degrees, 2007.) Evaluation of quality formation received. (UNAB,2009)", "Degree course of physical education of Andres Bello University", "framework for good teaching", Routes of professional develop of UNAB". Once understudied those studies and criterions of back up, the study can be explained. The study was very enlightening and conclusive, to the execution of the investigation was used an appropriate instrument of measurement, the application of surveys. These were applied to target groups and his respective employers. These were performed by two ways, phone calls and/or face way, once data is obtained from filter questions that should clarify if they work or not. The routes in wich the graduated of the 2008 genetation play are pedagogy and sports. The other routes (routes of biological science, human foundations, instrumental and transversal formation) have not been exploited in his totality; however these two lines have been support for those two lines more developed, because they give more integrity to the professional. The references that they had in relation to job expectations of the recently graduates were minimal, taking into ·'account studies from the main places of labor issues, that say "a recently graduated currently takes between nine or twelve months to find work" however, in our study left shown quite the opposite, because of contacted people the 86% is working (an 82% works in something related to Physical education) and the 14% remaining is unemployed