The origin principle and the welfare gains from indirect tax harmonization

The purpose of this paper is to establish a parallelism between the analyses in Keen (1987,1989.a) referred to indirect tax harmonization when taxes are levied according to the destination principle and its counterpart when taxes are imposed on an origin basis. Using a simple two-country model of international trade it is argued that indirect tax harmonization under the origin principle, considered as a movement of domestic taxes towards an appropriately designed "average" tax structure, is potentially Pareto improving, in the sense that the welfare of a given country can be increased provided that the other country's welfare is kept unchanged with the aid of an international transfer. In the same vein, it is shown that if the initial position is a Nash equilibrium, there are situations under which the above-mentioned reform may generate an actual Pareto improvement, so that both countries improve their welfare without any need for a compensating international transfer. As stated above, the definitive system will be a mixed one, so that the pure origin case is not the most realistic framework from a policy point of view. However, it may be useful in yielding indications that, coupled with the results that have been obtained under the destination principle, provide insights on the effects of the definitive system

Welfare, Revenue and Indirect Tax Harmonization under the Origin Principle

This paper discusses whether some propositions concerning the effects of indirect tax harmonization that have been derived when taxes are levied on a destination basis and revenue is returned to the individuals as a lump-sum transfer can, when accurately reformulated, be extended to a framework where commodities are taxed according to the origin principle and the governments use their revenue to finance the purchase of goods and services. Using a two-country model, it is argued that a non-uniform proportional convergence of domestic taxes towards a properly designed «average » tax structure can be characterized as potentially Pareto-improving. However, these reforms will not, in general, lead to a strict Pareto-improvement where every country is better off without any need for international transfers.: indirect tax harmonization, origin principle, reform of commodity taxes.

Measuring Social carrying Capacity: An Exploratory Study

The tourist carrying capacity commands a growing interest given that it is closely linked with sustainable tourist development. The justification of the utility of this concept is given by means of a simple and efficient methodological proposal, by analysing the social carrying capacity. To this end, an empirical application is carried out in the Western Andalusia. In some of the cases analysed, the satisfaction of the tourist is found to decline when the levels of the tourist use are higher with respect to those attributes of the tourist destination supply. This mechanism can constitute a useful alarm signal for tourism planners.carrying capacity, tourist satisfaction, sustainable tourism, tourist destination.

The influence of social value and selfcongruity on interpersonal connections in virtual social networks by Gen-Y tourists

This research focuses on the relationship of self-congruity and perceived social value with the interpersonal connections established by Generation Y tourists in virtual social networks. A quantitative study was performed using a sample of young travelers from Spain. The methodologies of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Models (SEM) were used to analyze the results. The findings of the research show that self-congruity influences the perceived social value; the perceived social value leads to satisfaction and the creation of interpersonal connections in virtual social networks; and the interpersonal connections in virtual social networks influence the use of these tools by Generation Y travelers

Seismic vulnerability analysis of steel buildings in Bogotá, Colombia

A number of mid-height steel buildings have been erected recently in Bogotá. Their seismic risk might be high, given the new microzonation of Bogotá and the lack of previous studies; remarkably, the response reduction factors were commonly obtained from general recommendations. The objective of this work is to investigate the seismic performance of these buildings. This study is carried out on eighteen representative buildings. All these edifices have plan symmetry and are uniform along their height. Span-length: 6 ¿ 8 m; number of floors: 5, 10, 15. Earthquake-resistant systems: moment-resistant frames, concentrically-braced frames and eccentricallybraced frames (using chevron braces). For each building, eight seismic zones have been considered. The vulnerability has been evaluated by “push-over” analyses. In the moment-resistant frames and in the eccentrically-braced frames the nonlinearities are concentrated in the plastic hinges near the connections; in the concentrically-braced frames the nonlinearities are allocated in the braces.Postprint (published version

Exponential localization of singular vectors in spatiotemporal chaos

In a dynamical system the singular vector (SV) indicates which perturbation will exhibit maximal growth after a time interval $\tau$. We show that in systems with spatiotemporal chaos the SV exponentially localizes in space. Under a suitable transformation, the SV can be described in terms of the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation with periodic noise. A scaling argument allows us to deduce a universal power law $\tau^{-\gamma}$ for the localization of the SV. Moreover the same exponent $\gamma$ characterizes the finite-$\tau$ deviation of the Lyapunov exponent in excellent agreement with simulations. Our results may help improving existing forecasting techniques.Comment: 5 page

A note on representation of references

We consider a class of relations which includes irreflexive preference relations and interdependent preferences. For this class, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for representation of the relation by two numerical functions in the sense of a < x if and only if u(a) < v(x)