13 research outputs found
Az Ă©lelmiszerallergĂ©nek mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©nek lehetĹ‘sĂ©gei ma - kihĂvások, megoldások, a fejlesztĂ©s irányai = Possibilities of allergen analysis at present - challenges, solutions and directions of development
Az Ă©lelmiszerekkel szemben jelentkezĹ‘ tĂşlĂ©rzĂ©kenysĂ©gi reakciĂłk (allergia, intolerancia) a nĂ©pessĂ©g egyre növekvĹ‘ hányadát Ă©rintik. Ezen betegsĂ©gek egyetlen hatĂ©kony kezelĂ©si mĂłdja az Ă©rzĂ©kenyĂtĹ‘ komponensek Ă©trendbĹ‘l törtĂ©nĹ‘ teljes elhagyása. Az EU jelenleg 14 olyan allergĂ©n komponenst tart számon, melyek jelölĂ©se kötelezĹ‘ az Ă©lelmiszerek csomagolásán. A szabályozás betartásához megfelelĹ‘ technolĂłgiára Ă©s ennek támogatására Ă©rvĂ©nyesĂtett (validált) analitikai mĂłdszerekre van szĂĽksĂ©g. Napjainkban az allergĂ©nek mĂ©rĂ©sĂ©re az immunanalitikai mĂłdszerek (ELISA, LFD) a legelterjedtebbek. Ezen mĂłdszerek fejlesztĂ©se Ă©s validálása több nehĂ©zsĂ©gbe ĂĽtközik. A reakciĂłt kiváltĂł fehĂ©rjĂ©k összetĂ©tele nem minden esetben ismert, valamint nem állnak rendelkezĂ©sre sem referencia-anyagok, sem referenciamĂłdszerek. Em ellett a feldolgozási folyamat hatásait is meg kell ismerni Ă©s figyelembe kell venni. A problĂ©mamegoldás egyik iránya allergĂ©n fehĂ©rjĂ©t deklarált mennyisĂ©gben tartalmazĂł feldolgozott Ă©lelmiszermátrix fejlesztĂ©se, mely kutatásaink egyik fĹ‘ cĂ©lja. Siker esetĂ©n a mintamátrix referencia-anyagkĂ©nt is használhatĂł, melynek segĂtsĂ©gĂ©vel lehetĹ‘sĂ©g nyĂlik a feldolgozási folyamat hatásainak vizsgálatára, valamint a kereskedelmi forgalomban kaphatĂł ELISA tesztek összehasonlĂtĂł elemzĂ©sĂ©re is. Hypersensitivity reactions (allergy and intolerance) triggered by certain food proteins affect an increasing rate of population. The only effective treatm ent of these illnesses is the total avoidance of the problem atic proteins from p atien t’s diet. At the m om ent the labelling regulations of E uropean Union defines 14 foodstuffs or com ponents which are responsible for the highest number of these cases. In order to comply the regulation, right technological solutions and validated analytical methods are needed. At present, the most commonly used methods in allergen analysis are immune-analytical based ELISA or LFD kits. The development and validation of these methods cause many challenges. The compositions of allergenic proteins are not welldefined, furthermore neither reference materials nor reference methods exist. Finally the effects of food processing steps on the allergenic proteins and the results of the analytical methods are not described well. One direction towards overtaking the problems is the developm ent of incurred real food matrices which contains dedicated amount of allergenic protein, which was the main goal of this work. These model matrices can be used as incurred reference material (IRM) and opened the door to investigate the influence of food processing. Reference material also give the opportunity to make a comparative study of ELISA kits and other analytical methods
The behavior of hypersensitivitycausing proteins during food processing
Since the components causing hypersensitivity reactions (allergies, celiac disease) are usually proteins, therefore, learning about their potential changes is important from the food safety point of view. If the proteins undergo various structural modifications during processing, their determination in foods could be problematic. Nevertheless, the fact that these altered proteins cannot be detected using analytical methods does not necessarily mean that they cannot cause adverse reactions in the human body. Answering the questions that arise in connection with this topic requires the cooperation of patients, clinicians and analysts as well. Foods intended for final consumption undergo several processing steps while going from raw material to final product. Each process that alters the structure of proteins is also expected to have an effect on their binding to antibodies. Food processing procedures cause a number of physical, chemical and biochemical changes that can affect the allergenic properties of a protein. Depending on the properties of the protein, the type, length and intensity of the processing operation, or the matrix, the allergenic effect of a protein can be increased, decreased, or left unchanged by processing. ELISA tests, which are currently used in routine methods, employ various antibodies, so the epitopes targeted in the immune responses can also be different. The various epitopes can undergo different modifications during food processing, therefore, their affinity to the antibody can also change, which can affect the results provided by the method. This phenomenon calls attention to the fact that the accuracy of commercially available methods is questionable, and so both the improvement and harmonization of immunoanalytical methods is necessary
A túlérzékenységi reakciókat kiváltó fehérjék viselkedése élelmiszerfeldolgozási folyamatok során
Mivel a tĂşlĂ©rzĂ©kenysĂ©gi reakciĂłkat (allergia, cöliákia) kiváltĂł komponensek általában fehĂ©rjĂ©k, ezĂ©rt ezek estleges változásainak megismerĂ©se Ă©lelmiszerbiztonsági szempontbĂłl fontos tĂ©ma. Amennyiben a fehĂ©rjĂ©k a feldolgozás során kĂĽlönbözĹ‘ szerkezeti mĂłdosulásokon esnek át, az Ă©lelmiszerekbĹ‘l törtĂ©nĹ‘ meghatározásuk akadályokba ĂĽtközhet. Ha a mĂłdosult fehĂ©rjĂ©k a rendelkezĂ©sre állĂł analitikai mĂłdszerekkel kĂĽlönbözĹ‘ eredmĂ©nyt adnak, nem feltĂ©tlenĂĽl jelenti azt, hogy a szervezetben is eltĂ©rĹ‘en viselkednek. E tĂ©mával kapcsolatosan felmerĂĽlĹ‘ kĂ©rdĂ©sek megválaszolása a betegek, a klinikusok Ă©s az analitikusok egyĂĽttműködĂ©sĂ©t igĂ©nyli. A vĂ©gsĹ‘ fogyasztásra szánt Ă©lelmiszerek számos feldolgozási folyamaton esnek át a nyersanyagtĂłl a vĂ©gtermĂ©kig. Minden olyan hatás, amely megváltoztatja a fehĂ©rjĂ©k szerkezetĂ©t, várhatĂłan befolyásolja azok ellenanyagokhoz törtĂ©nĹ‘ kötĹ‘dĂ©sĂ©t is. Az Ă©lelmiszer-feldolgozási folyamatok számos olyan fizikai, kĂ©miai Ă©s biokĂ©miai változást okoznak, amelyek hatással lehetnek egy fehĂ©rje allergĂ©n tulajdonságaira. A feldolgozás növelheti, csökkentheti vagy változatlanul hagyhatja a fehĂ©rjĂ©k allergĂ©n hatását a fehĂ©rje tulajdonságaitĂłl, a feldolgozási művelet tĂpusátĂłl, idĹ‘tartamátĂłl Ă©s intenzitásátĂłl, illetve a mátrixtĂłl fĂĽggĹ‘en. A jelenleg rutin mĂłdszerkĂ©nt használt ELISA tesztek eltĂ©rĹ‘ antitesteket alkalmazhatnak, Ăgy az immunreakciĂłkban megcĂ©lzott epitĂłpok is kĂĽlönbözĹ‘ek lehetnek. A kĂĽlönbözĹ‘ epitĂłpok pedig más-más mĂłdosulásokon eshetnek át az Ă©lelmiszerek feldolgozása során, ezĂ©rt az antitesthez valĂł affinitásuk is változhat, ami hatással van a mĂłdszer által szolgáltatott eredmĂ©nyekre. Ez arra a tĂ©nyre hĂvja fel a figyelmet, hogy a kereskedelmi forgalomban kaphatĂł tesztek alkalmazása során rĂ©szben eltĂ©rĹ‘ eredmĂ©nyeket kaphatunk, tehát az immunanalitikai mĂłdszerek fejlesztĂ©se Ă©s harmonizálása egyaránt szĂĽksĂ©gszerű
Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) Flour Varieties as Promising New Ingredients for Gluten-Free Cookies
Monotony in a gluten-free (GF) diet can be a challenge because of a limited choice of acceptable cereal sources. This study investigates the potential of five types of differently coloured lentils in the development of GF cookies using rice flour as a reference. Raw materials (lentil flours) and cookies were characterised in terms of physicochemical parameters (e.g., crude protein content, total phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant properties, colour, pH); additionally, geometry, baking loss and texture profile were determined for the cookies. A sensory acceptance test was also conducted to find out consumer preferences regarding rice versus different lentil cookies. Results showed that lentil cookies were superior to rice control in terms of higher crude protein (12.1–14.8 vs. 3.8 g/100 g), phenolic (136.5–342.3 vs. 61.5 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g) and flavonoid (23.8–75.9 vs. 13.1 mg catechin equivalents/100 g) content and antioxidant capacity (0.60–1.81 vs. 0.35 mmol trolox equivalents/100 g), as well as lower hydroxymethyl-furfural content (<1 vs. 26.2 mg/kg). Consumers preferred lentil cookies to rice ones (overall liking: 6.1–7.0 vs. 5.6, significant differences for red and brown lentils), liking especially their taste (6.3–7.0 vs. 5.5). Depending on the target parameter, whether physicochemical or sensory, these lentil flours can be promising raw materials for GF bakery products
Classics in a new perspective: gluten as a special food safety and analytical challenge
In the last couple of decades, the nutritional role and perception of gluten became controversial. In one hand, gluten proteins play a central role in determining the baking quality of wheat and other cereals. On the other hand, hypersensitivity reactions triggered by gluten in susceptible individuals have become subjects of growing interest. Of these gluten-related disorders, with an estimated global prevalence of 1%, the most important one is celiac disease (CD), which is an autoimmune disorder accompanied by villous atrophy. CD can manifest in a wide range of symptoms, its only treatment option is a lifelong gluten-free (GF) diet. To support compliance to this diet, current EU legislation maximizes the gluten-content of products sold with a GF label in 20 mg/kg. It necessitates accurate quantification of gluten in this low concentration range. The method-of-choice for this purpose is the immunoanalytical-based ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). However, validation of different ELISA methods and the comparability of their results and, consequently, the reliability of the data they provide is problematic. The major goal of this paper is to introduce the analytical and protein chemistry issues behind this problem and the efforts to improve the conditions of the methodology. We are also including the special role of oats in the GF diet in an attempt to provide the widest possible overview of the food safety and analytical challenges represented by gluten
Klasszikus tĂ©mák Ăşj megvilágĂtásban: a glutĂ©n mint speciális Ă©lelmiszerbiztonsági Ă©s analitikai kihĂvás
A glutĂ©n, vagy sikĂ©r fehĂ©rjĂ©k táplálkozás-Ă©lettani szerepe Ă©s megĂtĂ©lĂ©se az utĂłbbi Ă©vtizedekben kettĹ‘ssĂ© vált. A glutĂ©n fehĂ©rjĂ©k egyrĂ©szt központi szerepet töltenek be a bĂşza Ă©s más gabonák sĂĽtĹ‘ipari minĹ‘sĂ©gĂ©nek kialakĂtásában. MásrĂ©szt azonban egyre inkább elĹ‘tĂ©rbe kerĂĽlnek olyan tĂşlĂ©rzĂ©kenysĂ©gi reakciĂłk, melyeket szintĂ©n a glutĂ©n fehĂ©rjĂ©k váltanak ki az arra Ă©rzĂ©keny populáciĂłban. A glutĂ©n által okozott rendellenessĂ©gek közĂĽl 1% körĂĽli globális elĹ‘fordulásával az egyik legjelentĹ‘sebb a lisztĂ©rzĂ©kenysĂ©g, vagy más nĂ©ven cöliákia, mely a vĂ©konybĂ©l bolyhainak sorvadásával járĂł autoimmun betegsĂ©g. A tĂĽnetek szĂ©les skáláját okozhatja, jelenleg egyetlen ismert kezelĂ©si mĂłdja az Ă©lethosszig tartĂł glutĂ©nmentes diĂ©ta. A diĂ©ta betartásának elĹ‘segĂtĂ©sĂ©re a jelenleg Ă©rvĂ©nyes EU szabályozás 20 mg/kg-ban maximalizálja a glutĂ©nmenteskĂ©nt Ă©rtĂ©kesĂthetĹ‘ termĂ©kek glutĂ©ntartalmát. Ez pedig szĂĽksĂ©gessĂ© teszi a glutĂ©n mennyisĂ©gĂ©nek minĂ©l pontosabb meghatározását ebben az alacsony koncentráciĂł-tartományban. A meghatározás rutinmĂłdszere az immunanalitikai elven működĹ‘ ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). A kĂĽlönbözĹ‘ ELISA mĂłdszerek validálása Ă©s eredmĂ©nyeik összehasonlĂthatĂłsága, vagyis az általuk szolgáltatott adatok megbĂzhatĂłsága azonban problĂ©mát jelent. CikkĂĽnk fĹ‘ cĂ©lkitűzĂ©se az ennek hátterĂ©ben állĂł analitikai Ă©s fehĂ©rjekĂ©miai kĂ©rdĂ©sek, valamint a mĂłdszertan feltĂ©telrendszerĂ©nek javĂtását cĂ©lzĂł törekvĂ©sek bemutatása. Emellett kitĂ©rĂĽnk a zab glutĂ©nmentes diĂ©tában betöltött kĂĽlönleges szerepĂ©re is, Ăgy kĂsĂ©relve meg minĂ©l szĂ©lesebb körben rálátást nyĂşjtani a glutĂ©n által kĂ©pviselt Ă©lelmiszerbiztonsági Ă©s analitikai kihĂvásokra
Development of Protein- and Fiber-Enriched, Sugar-Free Lentil Cookies: Impact of Whey Protein, Inulin, and Xylitol on Physical, Textural, and Sensory Characteristics
Gluten-free (GF) diets often become nutritionally imbalanced, being low in proteins and fibers and high in sugars. Preparing GF foods with improved nutritional value is therefore a key challenge. This study investigates the impact of different combinations of whey protein (11.9%), inulin (6.0%) as dietary fiber, and xylitol (27.9%) as a sweetener used in the enrichment of green- and red-lentil-based gluten-free cookies. The cookies were characterized in terms of baking loss, geometric parameters, color, texture, and sensory profile. The results showed that these functional ingredients had different impacts on the lentil cookies made of different (green/red) lentils, especially regarding the effect of fiber and xylitol on the volume (green lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 16.5 cm3, sweetened with xylitol: 10.9 cm3 vs. 21.2 cm3 for control; red lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 21.9 cm3, sweetened with xylitol: 21.1 cm3 vs. 21.8 cm3 for control) and color (e.g., b* for green lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 13.13, sweetened with xylitol: 8.15 vs. 16.24 for control; b* for red lentil cookies enriched with fiber: 26.09, sweetened with xylitol: 32.29 vs. 28.17 for control). Regarding the textural attributes, the same tendencies were observed for both lentil products, i.e., softer cookies were obtained upon xylitol and whey protein addition, while hardness increased upon inulin enrichment. Stickiness was differently influenced by the functional ingredients in the case of green and red lentil cookies, but all the xylitol-containing cookies were less crumbly than the controls. The interactions of the functional ingredients were revealed in terms of all the properties investigated. Sensory analysis showed that the addition of whey protein resulted in less intensive “lentil” and “baked” aromas (mostly for red lentil cookies), and replacement of sugar by xylitol resulted in crumblier and less hard and crunchier products. The application of different functional ingredients in the enrichment of lentil-based gluten-free cookies revealed several interactions. These findings could serve as a starting point for future research and development of functional GF products