Comparison of the LSC, IR, and SSC junction positions in the eight Campanuloid chloroplast genomes.

<p>Comparison of the LSC, IR, and SSC junction positions in the eight Campanuloid chloroplast genomes.</p

IR contraction in the <i>Adenophora stricta</i> chloroplast genome.

<p>IR contraction in the <i>Adenophora stricta</i> chloroplast genome.</p

Comparison of the Pi value in four <i>Adenophora</i> species.

<p>(A) Coding genes and (B) Non-coding regions.</p

Phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on 76 protein coding genes using the ML.

<p>Bootstrap values are shown below the clades, and Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown above the clades.</p

Chloroplast genomes of <i>A</i>. <i>divaricata</i>, <i>A</i>. <i>erecta</i>, and <i>A</i>. <i>stricta</i>.

<p>Genes inside the circle are transcribed clockwise, and genes outside the circle are transcribed counter-clockwise. The dark-gray inner circle corresponds to the GC content, and the light-gray represents the AT content. (A) <i>A</i>. <i>divaricata</i> chloroplast genome, (B) <i>A</i>. <i>erecta</i> chloroplast genome, and (C) <i>A</i>. <i>stricta</i> chloroplast genome.</p

Comparison of chloroplast genome features of three <i>Adenophora</i> species.

<p>Comparison of chloroplast genome features of three <i>Adenophora</i> species.</p

The complete chloroplast genome sequences of three <i>Adenophora</i> species and comparative analysis with Campanuloid species (Campanulaceae)

<div><p>We report the complete chloroplast genomes of three <i>Adenophora</i> species, and analyzed these compared them to five published Campanuloid plastomes. The total genome length of <i>Adenophora divaricata</i>, <i>Adenophora erecta</i>, and <i>Adenophora stricta</i> ranged from 159,759 to 176,331 bp. Among the eight Campanuloid species, many inversions were found to be only in the LSC region. IR contraction was also identified in the plastid genome of <i>Adenophora stricta</i>. Phylogenetic analyses based on 76 protein coding genes showed that Campanuloids are monophyletic, and are composed of two major groups: <i>Campanula s</i>. <i>str</i>. and <i>Rapunculus</i>. When we compared each homologous locus among the four <i>Adenophora</i> species, ten regions showed high nucleotide divergence value (>0.03). Among these, nine loci, excepting <i>ycf3</i>-<i>rpoB</i>, are considered to be useful molecular markers for phylogenetic studies and will be helpful to resolve phylogenetic relationships of <i>Adenophora</i>.</p></div

The gene order changes in the LSC regions in the eight Campanuloid chloroplast genomes.

<p>The gene order changes in the LSC regions in the eight Campanuloid chloroplast genomes.</p

Nationwide Seropositivity of Hepatitis A in Republic of Korea from 2005 to 2014, before and after the Outbreak Peak in 2009

<div><p>Background/Aims</p><p>The epidemiologic shift of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in the South Korean population resulted in a peak outbreak of hepatitis in 2009. The aim of this study was to clarify the seropositivity of anti-HAV antibody (anti-HAV) and its demographic characteristics before and after the peak outbreak from 2005 to 2014.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This retrospective study analyzed the anti-HAV data of all individuals from 1,795 medical institutions referred to a major central laboratory from January 2005 through December 2014, as a sentineal tool for monitoring annual variation of anti-HAV positivity. The prevalence of anti-HAV was adjusted for age and area with the standard population based on the 2010 Census data.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 424,245 individuals were included in this study. The overall age-adjusted anti-HAV prevalence decreased from 65.6% in 2005 to 62.2% in 2014. During the 10-year period, the seroprevalence continuously decreased in persons aged 30 to 39 years (69.6% to 32.4%) and those aged 40 to 49 years (97.9% to 79.3%) due to the cohort effect. In contrast, it increased in persons aged 10 to 19 years (15.4% to 35.2%), while it was the lowest (8.7%) in 2010 before rebounding to 20.2% in 2014 in persons aged 20 to 29 years due to a vaccination effect.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Although the HAV vaccination rate increased, the anti-HAV seropositivity in South Korea decreased from 65.6% to 62.2% in this study population. In particular, the immunity of young adults was still low, and an outbreak of HAV is possible in the near future. Therefore, continuous monitoring and optimal preventive measures to prevent future outbreaks should be considered.</p></div

Effect of HFD on colitis in mice.

<p>(A) Plotted is the macroscopic score assigned to the colitis. (B) Colon length (cm) was measured and data plotted. (C) Colonic concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (pg/mL) were measured by ELISA. (D) Western blot analysis for colonic TLR4, iNOS, COX-2, p-IKKβ, and p-p65 protein levels (left) and quantification of western blot (right) are shown. (E) Intestinal MPO activity was measured. (F) Western blot analysis for occludin and claudin-1 levels (left) and quantification of western blot (right) in the colon are shown. All values were indicated as the mean ± SEM (n = 10). *, <i>p</i><0.05 and **, <i>p</i><0.01 compared with LFD.</p