The Law of Conservation of Activities in Domestic Space

Until the early twentieth century, for hundreds of years, the housing prototype in Seoul has been a courtyard house where a central open space is surrounded by building blocks and fence. Through the twentieth century, as new modern types of houses emerged, the housing culture began to change and consequently this prototype began to make transformations. This evolutionary process necessarily accompanied the functional change of room activities; some rooms acquired more activities and some lost them; and some has lost all the activities and became extinct. This paper attempts to analyse the housing evolution in Seoul by measuring the ″space-activity interactions″. Through the analysis, it is found that, at the collective level, the basic home activities are preserved through the formal change of the house. Without leaving the domestic field, they are decomposed into separate elements, re-distributed into other spaces, and then re-combined to characterise a new type of space. This is the internal spatial mechanism by which the old house is gradually transformed into a new house

Social Hierarchy Materialized: Korean Vernacular Houses as a Medium to Transfer Confucian Ideology

Buildings reveal the social values of a society through their forms and configuration. During the Choseon dynasty, Confucianism was the national ideology and basis for governing principles. Consequently, houses for the ruling class were built to conform to the principle of separating domains for men, women, servants, and ancestors. This hierarchical social system persisted for hundreds of years, but from the 19th century, various social movements gradually delegitimized many inequalities between sexes and classes. Mysteriously, even after this series of radical political and social changes, vernacular houses still adhered to the same hierarchical spatial order until the mid-20th century. This paper analyzes the houses built from the 15th century to the mid-20th century to show how Confucian principles were translated into the design to control social interactions. The paper concludes with a discussion of how Confucianism has been passed on through the medium of housing until today and how they have influenced people’s perception of different gender roles in contemporary Korean society

Interpretable Housing for Freedom of the Body: The Next Generation of Flexible Homes

If we have gone through the first generation of housing design that pursued functional optimization, ergonomics, and circulation efficiency during the last century, now we are living in the second generation where more advanced goals, such as universal design, ubiquitous design, sustainable design, and environment-friendly design, are emphasized. Al-though this second generation of design focuses upon the wellness of humans in accordance with environment, it still has the attitude that a more precisely designed home can guarantee a better life. What lacks in this approach is the free-dom of the body; it needs to make its own choice as to how to use a space. Thus, it is suggested in this paper that what is important in designing a home is to provide alternatives in daily lives so as to make a full exploration of a given space. These alternatives can be made by offering residents an interpretable space where they can figure out space usages and routs in a constantly changing context. Two spatial devices are discussed in depths as a way to realize this interpretable house: room-to-room enfilade and ring spatial structure. By investigating some existing house plans, it is illustrated how they can guarantee the freedom of the body, and thus alternatives for the flexible domestic life

A Meaning of Baroque in terms of Space Syntax

A city is a spatial system that is generated in the process of searching for an ideal form. From the structure of a city, we can find paradigms of the past in which worldviews of the society are instilled. Baroque, to be studied in this paper, is interpreted as a change from ′limitation′ to ′infinity′. There are many studies that investigated Baroque but they see the change from a single viewpoint of either cosmology or practicality. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to combine these two viewpoints for a comprehensive understanding of what paradigm has formed Baroque cities. Practicality is revealed by means of Space Syntax and our new concept, Urban Entropy Coefficient (: UEC), which is then related to cosmology. We conclude that the intention of Baroque was to configure a Multi-Center layout for the dynamic function of the city

Current-induced synchronized switching of magnetization

We investigate current-induced magnetization switching for a multilayer structure that allows a reduced switching current while maintaining high thermal stability of the magnetization. The structure consists of a perpendicular polarizer, a perpendicular free-layer, and an additional free-layer having in-plane magnetization. When the current runs perpendicular to the structure, the in-plane free-layer undergoes a precession and supplies an internal rf field to the perpendicular free-layer, resulting in a reduced switching current for one current polarity. For the other polarity, the in-plane free-layer almost saturates perpendicular to the plane and acts as another perpendicular polarizer, which also reduces the switching current.Comment: 18 pages, 4 figure

Comparability and Transferability in Ecosystem-Assessment Techniques and Tools: An International Case Study.

As environmental degradation now reaches around the globe, ecosystem-assessment techniques and tools (EATTs) are needed in new places and at physical scales that lie outside the previous boundaries of our accumulated technical experience. To meet this need many developing and less developed countries have adapted existing EATTs from the more developed world. In this case careful evaluation is required for their suitability in a new ecological context. I refer to this issue as tool “transferability.” A related issue arises in the context of inter-regional or very large-scale assessments. Since assessments occur in specific ecoregional settings, meta-analysis of accumulating national or regional assessment datasets must be free of contextual bias inherent in statistical data gathered using different methodologies, constrained by differing geographic particularities, and reflecting the responses of locally adapted biota. This is an issue I refer to as assessment data “comparability.” My dissertation consists of six chapters treating various issues that arise when one tries to compare ecological assessment data from two very different parts of the world: in this case Michigan and South Korea. Chapter 1 introduces general background of EATT issues and case study regions. In chapters 2-5, I analyzed transferability of hydrologic modeling, biological field sampling techniques and indicator metric development. The analysis in chapter 6, used hydrologic modeling (chapters 2 and 3) and sampling method calibrations (chapters 4 and 5) to correct regional biases in both datasets. I then used residualization techniques to correct covariate biases and directly compare the response of biological communities to urban and to agricultural land use gradients. I found (1) South Korean methods were less efficient for fish sampling but more efficient macroinvertebrate sampling; (2) methodological calibration functions were required to account for these regional differences in sampling method; (3) regional ecological normalization (residualization) and rescaling proved necessary for an unbiased comparison of LU stressor-response relationships across regions. Overall, my study suggests that EATT transferability and assessment comparability are significant but under-appreciated problems in ecological assessment and that explicit correction of regional biases are necessary for comparative analysis.PHDNatural Resources and EnvironmentUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/111529/1/ecopark_1.pd

Synthetic Aperture Imaging of Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity at Closed Interfaces

Ultrasonic imaging has been widely used as an intuitive recognition method for the detection of defects [1]. To enhance the resolution in ultrasound imaging, various kinds of techniques have been developed. Synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) is one of effective post-processing techniques for the resolution improvement. Many studies have shown that SAFT has high resolution as well as high signal to noise ratio for identifying the characteristics of defects accurately [2]. However, most of the imaging techniques based on linear characteristics of ultrasound could underestimate the size of flaws. In particular, the defects in initial state so called micro cracks or closed interfaces are very difficult to be visualized. In order to visualize these micro defects, it is necessary to adopt novel imaging technique using nonlinear ultrasonic characteristics such as contact acoustic nonlinearity (CAN) effect. This study proposed a nonlinear SAFT based on CAN effect and verified its effectiveness. The experiments with array probe for imaging closed interfaces were carried out. The pressure of the interfaces was increased by a hydraulic press, which resulted in the change of the contact state at the interfaces from open interfaces to closed interfaces. When a fundamental ultrasonic wave is incident at closed interfaces, the CAN effect leads the harmonic generation [3]. The proposed synthetic aperture imaging based on CAN effect was applied to visualize the closed interfaces with respect to the change of the contact interface condition. The results showed that SAFT based on CAN effect was effective for the detection of closed interface. This supports that synthetic aperture imaging techniques based on acoustic nonlinearity had advantages for the diagnosis of structural integrity

Thermoelectric Conductivities at Finite Magnetic Field and the Nernst Effect

We study the thermoelectric conductivities of a strongly correlated system in the presence of a magnetic field by the gauge/gravity duality. We consider a class of Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theories with axion fields imposing momentum relaxation. General analytic formulas for the direct current(DC) conductivities and the Nernst signal are derived in terms of the black hole horizon data. For an explicit model study, we analyse in detail the dyonic black hole modified by momentum relaxation. In this model, for small momentum relaxation, the Nernst signal shows a bell-shaped dependence on the magnetic field, which is a feature of the normal phase of cuprates. We compute all alternating current(AC) electric, thermoelectric, and thermal conductivities by numerical analysis and confirm that their zero frequency limits precisely reproduce our analytic DC formulas, which is a non-trivial consistency check of our methods. We discuss the momentum relaxation effects on the conductivities including cyclotron resonance poles.Comment: v3: Minor chages, discussions clarified, version accepted in JHE

Gauge Invariance and Holographic Renormalization

We study the gauge invariance of physical observables in holographic theories under the local diffeomorphism. We find that gauge invariance is intimately related to the holographic renormalisation: the local counter terms defined in the boundary cancel most of gauge dependences of the on-shell action as well as the divergences. There is a mismatch in the degrees of freedom between the bulk theory and the boundary one. We resolve this problem by noticing that there is a residual gauge symmetry(RGS). By extending the RGS such that it satisfies infalling boundary condition at the horizon, we can understand the problem in the context of general holographic embedding of a global symmetry at the boundary into the local gauge symmetry in the bulk.Comment: 14 pages, v2: minor changes, typos corrected, references adde