Protein-protein interaction network of high scoring vQTLmap identified virulence proteins.

<p>A key is provided near the bottom of the Fig. The size of the nodes corresponds to the number of interactions. The network was produced by literature search using the GADGET tool, and the display was generated using Cytoscape 3.2.0.</p

Map of high scoring nonsynonymous vQTLmap detected SNP/INDELs and statistical analysis of ocular disease trends.

<p>(A) HSV-1 genomic map of genes containing high scoring vQTLmap identified features (pink). (B) Mapping of nonsynonymous highly scoring features identified by vQTLmap analysis to their corresponding proteins. Functional domains and motifs have also been mapped in each protein if applicable with the key at the bottom of the Fig. The trends of ocular disease associated with vQTLmap identified SNPs are found to the right of the maps. The parental strain OD4 was designated as the baseline with the disease trend associated with the CJ994 SNP variation to the right of each protein map. The average of the sum of the MPDS scores associated with OD4 and CJ994 have also been included. Mann-Whitney rank sum tests were performed on the MPDS scores of the recombinants containing OD4 versus CJ994 variants, with the resulting <i>p</i>-values shown at the end of each row.</p

Functional groups of viral genes identified by vQTLmap.

<p>Functional groups of viral genes identified by vQTLmap.</p

MPDS vs. mean peak titer scatter plots of the OD4-CJ994 recombinants and one step growth curves of seven high pathogenic and nine low pathogenic recombinants.

<p>Scatterplots of mean peak disease scores (MPDS) for blepharitis (A) and stromal keratitis (B) versus mean peak tear film titers of the 40 OD4-CJ994 recombinants. The R² values indicate the strength of the associations as determined by linear regression. (C) One step growth curve titers of 14 high pathogenic OD4-CJ994 recombinants in Vero cells (black) and mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF; gray). (D) One step growth curve titers of 14 low pathogenic OD4-CJ994 recombinants as well as the OD4 and CJ994 parentals in Vero cells (black) and MEF cells (gray). (E) Scatterplot of blepharitis MPDS scores vs. MEF replication burst size with R² linear regression values. (F) Scatterplot of blepharitis MPDS scores vs. Vero cell replication burst size with R² linear regression values. (G) Scatterplot of stromal keratitis MPDS scores vs. MEF replication burst size with R² linear regression values. (H) Scatterplot of stromal keratitis MPDS scores vs. Vero cell replication burst size with R² linear regression values.</p

Comparison of HSV-1 OD4:CJ394 recombinant versus OD4:CJ994 recombinant based virulence determinants.

<p>(A) Map of virulence determinants derived from OD4:CJ394 based marker transfer virulence studies [<a href="http://www.plospathogens.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005499#ppat.1005499.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>]. (B) Map of OD4:CJ994 based virulence determinants derived from the vQTLmap method described in the current study. The blue dotted line highlights common virulence determinants between the OD4:CJ394 and OD4:CJ994 virulence studies.</p

Evaluation of learned vQTLmap models mapping 40 OD4-CJ994 recombinant genotypes to ocular phenotypes.

<p>(A) The results of cross-validated predictions for blepharitis and stromal keratitis using learned Lasso, Random Forest, and Ridge regression models. The red circles indicate the R² values for models learned from the actual data, whereas the blue box plots show the R² values for models learned from 1,000 permuted datasets. The vertical blue dotted lines indicate the R² values for the non-learned baseline. (B) Association between 491 loci and the two phenotypes as determined by the Ridge regression models. The horizontal axis represents coordinates in the HSV-1 strain 17 reference genome, and the vertical axis represents the change in the mean squared error (MSE) of predicted phenotypes when the values for a given locus are permuted. The horizontal blue lines indicate the thresholds for associations to be considered significant.</p

3D Graphene–Ni Foam as an Advanced Electrode for High-Performance Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries

Electrodes composed of multilayered graphene grown on a metal foam (GMF) were prepared by directly growing multilayer graphene sheets on a three-dimensional (3D) Ni-foam substrate via a self-catalyzing chemical vapor deposition process. The multilayer graphene sheets are successfully grown on the Ni-foam substrate surface, maintaining the unique 3D macroporous structure of the Ni foam. The potential use of GMF electrodes in nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) is carefully examined using [Co­(bpy)₃]^+/2+ and [Fe­(bpy)₃]^2+/3+ redox couples. The GMF electrodes display a much improved electrochemical activity and enhanced kinetics toward the [Co­(bpy)₃]^+/2+ (anolyte) and [Fe­(bpy)₃]^2+/3+ (catholyte) redox couples, compared with the bare Ni metal foam electrodes, suggesting that the 2D graphene sheets having lots of interdomain defects provide sufficient reaction sites and secure electric-conduction pathways. Consequently, a nonaqueous RFB cell assembled with GMF electrodes exhibits high Coulombic and voltage efficiencies of 87.2 and 90.9%, respectively, at the first cycle. This performance can be maintained up to the 50th cycle without significant efficiency loss. Moreover, the importance of a rational electrode design for improving electrochemical performance is addressed