General characteristics of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected and -uninfected groups (n = 122).

<p>General characteristics of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected and -uninfected groups (n = 122).</p

Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (galvanic-VEMP) tracings.

<p>(A) Delayed short-latency (SL) and medium-latency (ML) waves in an individual with asymptomatic human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. (B) Absent SL response with delayed ML response latency in an individual with possible HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM). (C) Absent SL and ML responses in an individual with HAM. These recordings were obtained from subjects with their heads rotated to the left and electromyographic (EMG) responses recorded from the right gastrocnemius muscle. The black line indicates the trace recorded with the cathode and anode on the right and left side respectively, whereas the gray line indicates the opposite stimulation polarity. SL, short-latency response onset; ML, medium-latency response onset.</p

Comparative analysis of the latency and amplitude of short-latency (SL) and medium-latency (ML) responses between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected and -uninfected groups.

<p>Comparative analysis of the latency and amplitude of short-latency (SL) and medium-latency (ML) responses between human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected and -uninfected groups.</p

Frequency comparisons between normal and altered vestibular-evoked myogenic potential triggered by galvanic vestibular stimulation (galvanic-VEMP) for each group.

<p>The type of response (normal, delayed latency, or absent) and its frequency (%) is shown for each group. G1, uninfected control group; G2, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-asymptomatic group; G3, possible HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) group; G4, HAM group; n, number of participants. ^aDelayed latency of short-latency (SL), medium-latency (ML), or both responses. ^bAbsent SL, ML, or both responses. *p<0.001, chi-square or Fisher’s exact test.</p