COURT DECISIONS REGARDING GOLF-RELATED INJURIES: A QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS AND BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION

This study investigated specific injury patterns among injured plaintiffs on or near golf courses, the characteristics of golf injury lawsuits brought against golf courses, as well as the most influential factors that can affect a golf courses success in golf-injury lawsuits. For these purposes, the study analyzed 147 golf-related injury legal cases between 1930 and 2013 using quantitative content analysis. Among cases reviewed, male plaintiffs suffered more golf-related injuries as compared to female plaintiffs. An overwhelming majority of people injured by golf course accidents were adults. The top cause of golf-related injuries was golf ball accidents. A substantial number of plaintiffs suffered minor golf-related injuries. The most commonly injured body parts were the head and lower body areas. Golf-related injuries occurred primarily on the golf course rather than off of the golf course. The cause of golf course accidents was significantly related to age, the injured body part, the location of injury, and the severity of injury. Additionally, the severity of injury showed associations with gender, age, and the injured body part. The lead plaintiffs in golf-injury litigation were considered to be invitees. A large number of plaintiffs who suffered golf-related injuries usually brought negligence claims against nonmunicipal golf courses rather than municipal golf courses to recover compensation for injuries. Dominant defenses available to golf courses were four elements not present, multiple defenses, and primary assumption of risk. More than half of the cases were in favor of golf courses. There was a significant association between the type of claim and the type of defense. A significant association was found between the type of golf course and the type of defense. It was found that the most influential factors that can affect a golf course\u27s success or failure were known risks to the plaintiff and multiple claims.\u2

A Study on the Relationship between Servant Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Job Satisfaction in Fitness Clubs

In the fi eld of organizational behavior theory, the infl uence of servant leadership and organizational culture on the job satisfaction of organization members has been actively studied to eff ectively achieve the goals set by the organization. However, there is a severe lack of studies on the relationship between servant leadership, organizational culture, and job satisfaction in the sport industry. Therefore, this study empirically analyzed the causal relationships among the three variables by surveying 320 employees in fi tness clubs located in Pusan, Korea. Surveys were conducted using the convenience sampling method, and a total of 300 surveys were used in the analysis. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 19.0. Key results from this study were as follows. First, servant leadership in fi tness clubs had a positive infl uence on organizational culture. Second, servant leadership in fi tness clubs had a positive infl uence on the job satisfaction of their employees. Third, the organizational culture of fi tness clubs had a positive infl uence on the job satisfaction of employees. The results of this study can contribute to establishing strategies to advance the organizational performance and eff ective human resource management of fi tness clubs

COURT DECISIONS REGARDING GOLF-RELATED INJURIES: A QUANTITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS AND BINARY LOGISTIC REGRESSION

This study investigated specific injury patterns among injured plaintiffs on or near golf courses, the characteristics of golf injury lawsuits brought against golf courses, as well as the most influential factors that can affect a golf course’s success in golf-injury lawsuits. For these purposes, the study analyzed 147 golf-related injury legal cases between 1930 and 2013 using quantitative content analysis. Among cases reviewed, male plaintiffs suffered more golf-related injuries as compared to female plaintiffs. An overwhelming majority of people injured by golf course accidents were adults. The top cause of golf-related injuries was golf ball accidents. A substantial number of plaintiffs suffered minor golf-related injuries. The most commonly injured body parts were the head and lower body areas. Golf-related injuries occurred primarily on the golf course rather than off of the golf course. The cause of golf course accidents was significantly related to age, the injured body part, the location of injury, and the severity of injury. Additionally, the severity of injury showed associations with gender, age, and the injured body part. The lead plaintiffs in golf-injury litigation were considered to be invitees. A large number of plaintiffs who suffered golf-related injuries usually brought negligence claims against nonmunicipal golf courses rather than municipal golf courses to recover compensation for injuries. Dominant defenses available to golf courses were four elements not present, multiple defenses, and primary assumption of risk. More than half of the cases were in favor of golf courses. There was a significant association between the type of claim and the type of defense. A significant association was found between the type of golf course and the type of defense. It was found that the most influential factors that can affect a golf course’s success or failure were known risks to the plaintiff and multiple claims.Physical Education, Sports, and Exercise SciencesDoctoralUniversity of New Mexico. Division of Physical Performance and DevelopmentSeidler, ToddScott, DavidMao, LukeKim, Yongsee

The Relationship between Transformational Leadership of Immediate Superiors, Organizational Culture, and Affective Commitment in Fitness Club Employees

In an uncertain global business environment, eff ective human resource management is a crucial element in improving organizational eff ectiveness. However, relatively little research has examined the characteristics of transformational leadership and the types of organizational culture suitable for improving organizational eff ectiveness in the sport management fi eld. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between transformational leadership of immediate superiors, organizational culture, and aff ective commitment in fi tness club employees. For this purpose, a survey was given to a convenience sample of 300 employees of fi tness clubs working in the Gwangju and Dae-gu metropolitan cities in South Korea. The data were then analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlations, and multiple regression analysis. The major fi ndings of this study were as follows. First, transformational leadership had a signifi cant eff ect on the organizational culture in fi tness clubs. Second, transformational leadership had a signifi cant eff ect on aff ective commitment of employees of the fi tness clubs. Third, organizational culture had a signifi cant eff ect on aff ective commitment of employees in fi tness clubs. The fi ndings of this study may be helpful for fi tness clubs to determine the characteristics of transformational leadership and the types of organizational culture needed to improve aff ective commitment of employees

Influence of the Characteristics of Sports Sharing Economy Services on Intention of Use: The Mediating Effect of Consumer Attitude and Trust

This study empirically investigated the effectiveness of the characteristics of sports sharing economy services that has been highlighted recently. The study used consumers’ attitude and trust as parameters of the association between the characteristics and use intention of consumers. There are three research questions in the study. The first question is whether the characteristics of sports sharing economy services affect the consumers’ use intention. The second question is whether the characteristics of sports sharing economy services affect the attitude of consumers and the trust level in sports sharing economy services. The third question is whether the attitude and trust level of consumers mediate sports sharing economy services and use intention. A survey was conducted among college students using a convenient sampling method. We found that: (1) service characteristics such as usefulness, bonding, and consistency had a positive influence on use intention, and risk factor had a negative influence; (2) the service characteristics significantly influenced consumer attitudes and trust of the sharing economy services; usefulness, bonding, and consistency had a positive influence, and risk factor had a negative influence; and (3) the attitude and trust of consumers toward sharing economy services affected use intention; usefulness, bonding, and sustainability had a positive influence, while risk factor had a negative influence. Thus, it was confirmed that the attitude and trust level of consumers mediated sports sharing economy services and use intention. This study also suggested academic and practical implications to establish a more effective sports sharing economy service marketing strategy and develop quality content in relation to the service characteristics and consumers