Trend of Human Papillomavirus Genotypes in Cervical Neoplasia Observed in a Newly Developing Township in Yangon, Myanmar

Persistent infection with oncogenic types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor associated with cervical cancer. This study detected the oncogenic HPV genotypes in cervical neoplasia in relation to clinicopathological findings using a cross-sectional descriptive method in 2011 and 2012. Cervical swabs and colposcopy-directed cervical biopsy tissues were collected from 108 women (median age 45 years;range 20-78) showing cervical cytological changes at Sanpya General Hospital, Yangon, Myanmar. HPV DNA testing and genotyping were performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. HPV was identified in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 (44.4%), CIN2 (63.2%), CIN3 (70.6%), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (74.1%). The association between cervical neoplasia and HPV positivity was highly significant (p＝0.008). Most patients infected with HPV were between 40-49 years of age, and the youngest were in the 20- to 29-year-old age group. The most common genotype was HPV 16 (65.6%) with the following distribution:70% in CIN1, 41.7% in CIN2, 91.7% in CIN3, and 60% in SCC. HPV-31 was the second-most frequent (21.9%):30% in CIN1, 33.3% in CIN2, 8.3% in CIN3, and 15% in SCC. The third-most frequent-genotype was HPV-18 (7.8%):8.3% in CIN1, and 20% in SCC. Another genotype was HPV-58 (4.7%):16.7% in CIN1 and 5% in SCC. The majority of CIN/SCC cases were associated with HPV genotypes 16, 31, 18, and 58. If oncogenic HPV genotypes are positive, the possibility of cervical neoplasia can be predicted. Knowledge of the HPV genotypes distribution can predict the effectiveness of the currently used HPV vaccine

Whole-genome sequencing of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Myanmar.

Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a major health threat in Myanmar. An initial study was conducted to explore the potential utility of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for the diagnosis and management of drug-resistant TB in Myanmar. Fourteen multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates were sequenced. Known resistance genes for a total of nine antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in Myanmar were interrogated through WGS. All 14 isolates were MDR-TB, consistent with the results of phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST), and the Beijing lineage predominated. Based on the results of WGS, 9 of the 14 isolates were potentially resistant to at least one of the drugs used in the standard MDR-TB regimen but for which phenotypic DST is not conducted in Myanmar. This study highlights a need for the introduction of second-line DST as part of routine TB diagnosis in Myanmar as well as new classes of TB drugs to construct effective regimens.Professor Sandy Smith Memorial ScholarshipThis is the final version of the article. It first appeared from Elsevier via https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2016.04.00

National scale-up of tuberculosis-human immunodeficiency virus collaborative activities in Myanmar from 2005 to 2016 and tuberculosis treatment outcomes for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-positive tuberculosis in the Mandalay Region in 2015.

Background: HIV-associated TB is a serious public health problem in Myanmar. Study objectives were to describe national scale-up of collaborative activities to reduce the double burden of TB and HIV from 2005 to 2016 and to describe TB treatment outcomes of individuals registered with HIV-associated TB in 2015 in the Mandalay Region. Methods: Secondary analysis of national aggregate data and, for treatment outcomes, a cohort study of patients with HIV-associated TB in the Mandalay Region. Results: The number of townships implementing collaborative activities increased from 7 to 330 by 2016. The number of registered TB patients increased from 1577 to 139 625 in 2016, with the number of individuals tested for HIV increasing from 432 to 114 180 (82%) in 2016: 10 971 (10%) were diagnosed as HIV positive. Uptake of co-trimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) nationally in 2016 was 77% and 52%, respectively. In the Mandalay Region, treatment success was 77% and mortality was 18% in 815 HIV-associated TB patients. Risk factors for unfavourable outcomes and death were older age (≥45 years) and not taking CPT and/or ART. Conclusion: Myanmar is making good progress with reducing the HIV burden in TB patients, but better implementation is needed to reach 100% HIV testing and 100% CPT and ART uptake in TB-HIV co-infected patients

Stress, Anxiety and Stress Coping Style of Prospective Teachers across Four Institutions in Yangon Region

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the level of stress and anxiety among prospective teachers. Then, this study was to investigate the prospective teachers’ stress and anxiety. And then, the relationship among stress, anxiety and coping style was next of interest. A total of 594 prospective teachers from Yangon Institute of Education and three Colleges of Education such as Yankin, Thingangyun and Hlegue participated in this study. Anxiety Scale and Stress Scale and Stress Coping Style Inventory (SCSI) were used as the research instruments. Key words: stress, anxiety, coping, coping style, stressors and prospective teacher. Alpha reliability for Stress Scale, Anxiety Scale and Stress Coping Style Inventory (SCSI) revealed at 0.82, 0.80 and 0.53 respectively. In this study only 9% of prospective teachers have severe on stress. On the other hand, it can be found that 38% of prospective teachers have severe anxiety level. The results of t test revealed that gender difference was found to be on stress as well as on anxiety. As the results, there was significant difference on stress as well as on anxiety among prospective teachers who encountered different types of life events. The t test results by gender indicated that significant difference was found to be on active problem coping

Implementation of Path Finding Aircraft Tracking Using A * Algorithm

Artificial intelligence defines as theattempt to construct mechanisms that performedby humans.The knowledge base containsknowledge necessary for understanding,formulating, and solving problems.This paperintends to present optimal route finding system forinternational aircraft route.This paper uses A*algorithm and XML technology to draw aircrafttracking plan. A* search is one kind ofheuristically informed search strategy.This searchalgorithm is both complete and optimal. So, A*algorithm is very suitable aircraft for navigationsystem.It is used to operate in complicatedmapping situations and new domain environments.This system uses A* algorithm to draw plan and tofind optimal international aircraft route and giveshortest path.The users can be optimized theshortest path by applying this system in the Asia’sinternational airports

Fuzzy Expert System for Coronary Heart Disease Diagnosis

Expert systems are typically developed to solveunclear application fields or problems. Expertsystems based on fuzzy logic has two advantagesover traditional expert systems: high approximationability and high accuracy. Therefore fuzzy expertsystems are widely used in the fields which have veryhigh complexity and uncertainty. In this paper, afuzzy expert system for Coronary Heart Diseasediagnosis will be developed. There exists no strictboundary between what is Healthy and what isDiseased, thus distinguish is uncertain and vague.Therefore this proposed system will be very useful todiagnosis for Coronary Heart Disease. The proposedsystem will use 12 input fields and one output field. Ifthe user absence of disease, the result showsHealthy. If the user presence of disease, the resultshows the situations of Coronary Heart Disease. Andthis system will give advices and drug treatment forthe user’s disease

The Study of Selected Hydrophytes in Lake-pya-kan, Bago Township

The research area, Lake-pya-kan is a very famous and nice place which is located in the centre of Bago. The specimens were collected from seasonally, mostly twice a year in the raining and summer. A total of 14 species of vascular hydrophytes belonging to 12 genera of 10 families were collected from this area and 15 species of nonvascular hydrophytes were also undertaken. The salient orphological characteristics of each and every species have been identified. The morphological descriptions, photographic records and the location map are also given

Data Conversions Between Relational Database And XML Document

XML and relational databases are two ofthe most important mechanisms for storing andtransferring data. A reliable and flexible way ofmoving data between them is very desirable goal.This paper includes comparison of conceptsavailable in RDBS and XML to bridge the gap oftheir integration.In this paper, source relationaldatabase is converted into XML document withXSD schema by using RDBToXML algorithm andXMLToRDB algorithm inserts data of XMLdocument with XSD schema into target relationaldatabase. This paper verifies the correct datatransfer by dual accuracy measures: DataSoundness and Data Completeness oftransformation-based checks

Big Data Analytics for Price Prediction

Big Data Predictive Analytics isinfluenced in the financial market mainly instock exchange with its emergingtechnologies. Stock Market Prediction hasalways been one of the hottest topics inresearch, as well as a great challenge due toits complex and volatile nature. Stock orshare prices are considered to be verydynamic and quick changes because of theunderlying nature of financial domain.Therefore, there is a critical need inprediction approaches to be effective andefficient utilization of large amount ofmarket data (Big Data) to analyze futureprediction in stock price movement. In thispaper, a hybrid prediction model isproposed for predicting daily basis stockprice changes or movements. It is based onthe combination of historical stock pricedata and text mining techniques which takethe textual contents of Financial NewsWebsites that have highly impacts on pricemovement