Traditions in Conflict: The Internationalization of Confrontation

This article considers international norms concerning the right to adversarial confrontation in positing a normative analytical standard of admissibility with respect to the right to examine guaranteed under Article 67(1)(e) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It considers the notion of confrontation in the context of both the Continental European tradition, as well as the Anglo-American Common Law conception of the right, focusing on U.S. constitutional doctrine and relatively recent developments in English jurisprudence. It also surveys the scope of the right to examine as defined by the U.N. Human Rights Committee relative to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and by the European Court with regard to the European Convention. The article further evaluates the procedural regime concerning the admission of written evidence not subjected to cross-examination under the Rome Statute and the ICC\u27s Rules of Procedure and Evidence and argues that the broad judicial discretion it affords is insufficient to fully and predictably guarantee the core right to adversarial examination of witnesses intended under Article 67(1)(e). Ultimately, the article concludes that a bright-line rule of admissibility is not only a viable international standard, but also the one that best protects the hybridized right to examine as a core due process tenet of the Rome Statute

\u27Noso-politics\u27 and Japanese Development Assistance : The Scaling-up of Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS) in Ghana

The paper explores Japan\u27s contribution to the provision of primary healthcare in Ghana through the Community-based Health Planning and Service (CHPS) strategy. The discussion trawls the policy regarding the development of the CHPS and highlights the specific role of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) in the \u27Scaling up\u27 of the CHPS project in the Upper West Region (UWR) of Ghana. It is suggested in this analysis that through the application of Facilitative Supervision (FSV), a supportive approach to supervision, JICA aimed to review and fine-tune the administrative capacity of the relevant health administrators of the UWR with the primary objective to improve and enhance healthcare delivery in the region. The study proposes that in tune with Michel Foucault\u27s concept of \u27administrative control\u27 and \u27noso-politics\u27 the FSV initiative further essentialised the role of the state in healthcare delivery in the region

A Combined Functional Data & Mixture Models Approach for Modeling and Classification of Nanomotions

Nanoscale motion was shown as a new, nonchemical form of detection of life in Kasas et al. (2015). The applications of this technique span from medicine to detection of life in extreme and possibly extraterrestrial environments. One of the importantproblems in this technological approach is the analysis, modeling and classification of the nanomotion data, as it is obtained from the adapted atomic force microscope instrument. The statistical work in this area was very limited up to now, and focused on differentiating between living and inactivated (dead) cells only. In this work we present new results on the statistical analysis and classification of the nanomotion of Bordetella Pertussis. We employed functional data analysis and multivariate statistical analysis methods to develop a classifier for the nanomotion observations as coming from virulent, avirulent or dead bacteria

Ensuring Adequate Water Supply to Disadvantaged Urban Communities in Ghana

ABSTRACT Ghana like most developing countries struggles to improve access to water and sanitation to its urban population. Presently many areas within the country do not have access to portable water from the national grid. And in areas served by the approved utility company, water service is mostly erratic and increasingly unreliable. Available evidence indicates that only 61% of urban residents have access to improved drinking water. Within the urban centers are disadvantaged communities which tend to have much lower water supply coverage. However, since such disadvantaged communities are regarded as part of the urban center, their unique needs are often hidden in the aggregate statistics of the larger urban areas. Thus, policy interventions aimed at improving water supply in the urban centers often have very limited effect on the disadvantaged communities. This research theorize that the unique characteristics of disadvantaged communities such as high concentration of low income dwellers, squatter communities and poor infrastructure developments, set them apart from the urban centers in which they exist. This research therefore seeks to answer the question, how do you ensure adequate water supply to disadvantaged urban communities in Ghana. Using the case study methodology, focus group discussion and household surveys, this research explores the unique characteristics of disadvantaged urban communities and how such characteristics can be channeled into finding the right mix of policy interventions to ensure adequate water supply

VALIDATING THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY OF SMMEs IN THE AFRICAN CONTEXT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SMMEs IN GHANA AND SOUTH AFRICA

Published ThesisAuthors who support the notion that the responsibility of businesses goes beyond profit-making to include social and environmental objectives have largely found a positive relationship between business social responsibility (BSR) and firm performance. However, most of these studies have either focused on large firms or have been conducted outside of Africa. This made it necessary for this study to examine the relationship between BSR and small, medium, and micro enterprise (SMME) performance in Africa – particularly so when SMMEs have been found to be significant contributors to the economic development of nations. The study was conducted within the framework of stakeholder theory where BSR was defined as actions taken by SMMEs to address issues concerning employees, customers, community, and the environment with the view to ultimately affect firm performance positively. To test the hypothesis, a sample of 262 South African SMME owners or managers and another sample of 253 Ghanaian SMME owners or managers were surveyed. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed on the data collected. The empirical findings showed that BSR issues are significantly positively correlated with some performance variables (i.e. expected benefits and realised benefits) but not significantly correlated with other performance variables (i.e. sales growth and profit levels) in the Ghana sample. However, in the South Africa sample, all BSR issues are significantly positively correlated with all four measures of performance considered in this study. A further analysis of the relationship between BSR variables and firm performance variables was undertaken using regression analysis to test the degree to which BSR variables predict the firm performance variables. The results showed that customer and environment issues are significant predictors of realised benefits in the Ghana sample while employee, customer and community issues significantly predict realised benefits in the South African sample. Although the results of the study were mixed, in the sense that not all BSR variables had significant positive relationships with firm performance variables, they do give an indication of how BSR can contribute to SMME performance in the African context. Based on the findings, it is recommended that a formal policy and legislation aimed at bringing about uniformity and clarity in the BSR processes are instituted to regulate SMME BSR in both countries. This is expected to improve compliance and thus increase the benefits of BSR to SMMEs and the economies that they contribute to

Using Spatial Analysis to Identify High-Risk Driver Residential Areas in South Carolina

Addressing safety issues at high crash incidence locations through crash countermeasures or better geometric design helps to make roadways safer, however, the most influential and ever-present factor in most crashes, the driver, is still not addressed. This paper investigated the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of residential locations (found using 9-digit zip code data) of drivers involved in crashes in South Carolina aggregated to census block groups. The spatial (block group and cluster analysis) and statistical (negative binomial) analyses results showed significant relationships and correlations between drivers involved in fatal and injury crashes within the state and demographic and socio-economic variables of the residential locations of these drivers. To mention a few, the results suggest that drivers with high median household income and within the 35 to 44 age group are less likely to be involved in fatal and injury crashes than other groups. This research has spatially and statistically shown the relationship between risky-driver clusters and some socio-economic and demographic characteristics of these drivers. Thus, providing justification for state decision makers and officials to support safety programs and research that target drivers while providing a method for prioritizing areas of the state with greatest need from a high-risk driver standpoint