Social Accountability for Safe and Sustainable Domestic Water Provision in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro

This paper reports the full results of a baseline survey on access to water for domestic use and social accountability in four districts of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’s largest city, and Morogoro, a provincial town around 200 kilometres west of Dar. From 7th to 29th March 2018, the survey team interviewed 2,164 adults about their access to water, perceptions of water quality, sanitation and hygiene facilities, readiness to pay for water services, social accountability for water provision, civic engagement and social demographics. The survey included core questions developed by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, as well as questions on social accountability and civic engagement developed in previous rounds of the Afrobarometer, Asian Barometer, European Social Survey and Twaweza’s SzW survey programmes. Details of sampling procedures are provided at the end of the report

On Whose Interest is the State Intervention in Biofuel Investment in Tanzania?

direct investors. The assumption behind increasing foreign direct investment in the country is that they enable capital flow, skills and technology transfers and create employment. Studies on foreign direct investment pointed out that, state intervention is needed to ensure that profits accrued from the investments benefit countries hosting these investments. Despite state intervention in biofuel investments in the country studies have reported that the investments have negatively impacted communities. The aim of this paper is to determine the nature of state intervention in the process of biofuel investment in Tanzania, using case studies of Kisarawe, Bagamoyo, Rufiji, and Kilwa districts. Eight villages were chosen, two from each district. Interviews were conducted with villagers and officials working in government institutions and biofuel companies. A review of minutes of village meetings which discussed investors’ requests for land from the villages was conducted. Findings reveal that there was a strong state intervention to assist investors to get land from villagers, and lack of, or less state intervention is seen when villagers demand for compensation and asking investors to fulfil their promises.Key words: biofuels, foreign direct investment, state intervention, developmentRésumé: L'investissement des biocarburants en Tanzanie est dirigée par les investisseurs directs étrangers. L'hypothèse derrière l'accroissement des investissements directs étrangers dans le pays est qu'ils permettent des flux de capitaux, les compétences et les transferts de technologie et créer des emplois. Les études sur l'investissement direct étranger a souligné que, intervention de l'Etat est nécessaire pour veiller à ce que les bénéfices accumulés par les pays d'accueil des investissements prestations de ces investissements. Malgré l'intervention de l'Etat dans les investissements de biocarburants dans les études de pays ont signalé que les investissements ont un impact négatif sur les communautés. Le but de cet article est de déterminer la nature de l'intervention étatique dans le processus de l'investissement des biocarburants en Tanzanie, en utilisant des études de cas de Kisarawe, Bagamoyo, Rufiji, et les districts de Kilwa. Huit villages ont été choisis, deux de chaque district. entrevues ont été menées avec les villageois et les fonctionnaires travaillant dans les institutions gouvernementales et les sociétés de biocarburants. Un examen des procès-verbaux du village réunions qui ont discuté des demandes des investisseurs pour les terres des villages a été réalisée. Les résultats révèlent qu'il y avait une forte intervention de l'État pour aider les investisseurs à obtenir des terres des villageois, et le manque de, ou intervention de l'État est vu lorsque les villageois demande de compensation et de demander aux investisseurs pour s'acquitter de leurs promesses.Mots clés: Biocarburants, L’investissement étranger direct, Intervention de l’Etat, Le développemen

Social Accountability for Safe and Sustainable Domestic Water Provision in Dar es Salaam and Morogoro

This paper reports the full results of a baseline survey on access to water for domestic use and social accountability in four districts of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania’s largest city, and Morogoro, a provincial town around 200 kilometres west of Dar. From 7th to 29th March 2018, the survey team interviewed 2,164 adults about their access to water, perceptions of water quality, sanitation and hygiene facilities, readiness to pay for water services, social accountability for water provision, civic engagement and social demographics. The survey included core questions developed by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, as well as questions on social accountability and civic engagement developed in previous rounds of the Afrobarometer, Asian Barometer, European Social Survey and Twaweza’s SzW survey programmes. Details of sampling procedures are provided at the end of the report

A Literature Review

This working paper takes stock of the academic literature on the governance of coastal resources and examines the emergence of various instruments, their implementation experiences and their implications in terms of sustainability outcomes. More specifically, it seeks to interrogate the literature in order to: (1) highlight the types of actors involved, their relations and their networks; (2) identify the main processes involved in the governance of coastal resources and different partnership models; and (3) evaluate the outcomes of these processes on social and ecological sustainability. It is the result of activities undertaken by the New Partnerships for Sustainability (NEPSUS) research and capacity building project, which analyses sustainability partnerships in three key natural resource sectors in Tanzania: forestry, wildlife and coastal resources. This paper reviews the overall literature on governance of coastal resources, with the aim of identifying gaps and shaping methodological choices for fieldwork

Sustainability Partnerships for the Governance of Coastal Resources in Tanzania

The paper examines the experience of sustainability partnerships for the management of coastal resources in Tanzania. It identifies key actors and governance dynamics, with focus on decentralization processes, legitimacy-building and participation of local communities. The paper first provides a brief status of coastal resources in Tanzania and a historical overview of the evolution of co-management practices. Then, it examines actors and processes at the national and local levels in relation to two types of co-management: Marine Parks (MPAs) and Beach Management Units (BMUs). In view of ongoing research under the New Partnerships for Sustainability project (NEPSUS), it provides guidance on research gaps in specific relation to the Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park (MBREMP) and selected BMUs in Mtwara region, Southern Tanzania

“I eat two meals per day” impact of climate variability on eating habits among households in Rufiji district, Tanzania: a qualitative study

Background: Improved understanding of the influence of climate variability on eating habits is required to manage health outcomes that could be produced. Agriculture production is the main source of income to people in Rufiji district, where communities produce food for household and also for income. Effects of climate variability and weather extremes include occurrence of floods and prolonged dry seasons, which are recently reported to be very frequent in Africa continent, affecting food production. Prolonged dry seasons as well as frequent floods have been reported to destroy cultivated food crops in Rufiji district. However, there is little evidence on climate variability effects on household food security and their eating habits in Tanzania. Therefore, this study assessed the influence of climate variability impacts such as prolonged dry seasons and floods on the eating habits of Tanzanian rural households. Results: Study findings showed that respondents recognized changes in seasonal trends such as rainfall pattern and increase in temperature in the area. Drought and floods reduce food production and cause shortages in households. Low and poor harvest of food crops is the major contributing factor in their farms of rice and maize, the main staple food crops grown amidst prolonged dry seasons. They reported existence of household food shortage which was not there 10years ago. Participants developed adaptation mechanisms that included reducing food quantity, eating of new meals which were not eaten before as a main meal such as cooked unripe mangoes and stiff porridge. Household members decided to change eating habits as an adaptation strategy to the situation of food shortage. Some discussants acknowledged reducing number of meals, eating two meals a day instead of three or four as it was 10years ago. Conclusion: Climate variability has led to reduced amount of annual rainfall, thus affecting food productivity and consequently food shortages and changes in dietary habits among the people in Rufiji. Additional research is warranted to assess the impacts of climate variability on nutritional quality of meals

Trust in providers of domestic water: a comparison of the public utility and informal vendors in Dar es Salaam

This article examines factors associated with trust in the public water utility and informal water vendors in the city of Dar es Salaam. We model trust in terms of citizens’ perceptions of what water providers deliver, how well the service fits with their lifestyle and values, the ease with which they can contact and influence the provider, and how well the government handles water issues. Our data come from a survey of the adult population of the four main residential districts of Dar es Salaam, conducted in March 2018. We find that trust in water providers is built on different foundations for the public utility and informal vendors. For the public utility, trust depends mainly on habituation to the service, knowledge of the vernacular and evaluations of government performance. For informal vendors, trust depends mainly on habituation to the service and capacity for engagement with social issues. Our study illustrates the how trust in service providers is an outcome of social accountability at the micro-level

Social accountability for safe and sustainable domestic water provision in Tanzania 2018

This pilot research project was carried out by the University of Glasgow’s Schools of Social and Political Sciences, Mathematics and Statistics, and Engineering in collaboration with Department of Geography, University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) and two NGOs active in the water sector in Tanzania, Shahidi wa Maji (SwM) and Water Witness International (WWI), Edinburgh. We aimed to investigate how local behaviour, motivations, and cultural and institutional constraints affect community-based efforts to make water governance institutions responsive to local needs in Dar Es Salaam and the town of Morogoro, Tanzania. We carried out a baseline survey of residents of four districts of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania’s largest city, and, for comparison, Morogoro, a provincial town some 200 km west of Dar. Between 7 and 29 March 2018, a team from UDSM interviewed 2154 urban citizens about their access to water, perceptions of water quality, sanitation and hygiene facilities, readiness to pay for water services, social accountability for water provision, civic engagement and social and economic circumstances. In collaboration with the Ministry of Water and Irrigation’s Dar es Salaam office, we also collected water quality data at 45 selected survey sampling points, finding strong evidence of salinity and low oxygen content in well water as well as high returns on the presence of coliforms in tap water. We have provided training for one MA student in Public Health (at UDSM) and one assistant lecturer in Geography to do an in depth interviews in water quality in Temeke and measure water quality using a probe. Geo-referenced data were gathered with the water quality data to allow mapping. Finally, we held an interdisciplinary, international workshop to evaluate outcomes and review opportunities for future research, connecting with 84 researchers and practitioners working on problems of social accountability for sustainable water in 22 countries of the developing world