Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for the Ternary Systems of Perfluamine + Hydrofluoroether + Benzene, Toluene, or Xylene at 298.15 K or 313.15 K

A fluorous biphasic system consists of a fluorinated solvent and an organic solvent. The mutual solubility data of fluorous biphasic systems were analyzed for common organic solvents such as benzene, toluene, and xylene with perfluamine. Fluorous/organic amphiphilic ether solvents such as HFE7300 and HFE7500 were added to the fluorous biphasic system. The equilibrium tie lines for ternary systems were determined at two different temperatures, and the equilibrium data sets were correlated with the nonrandom two-liquid and universal quasichemical models

Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for the Ternary Systems of Water + Butane-2,3-diol + 2‑Methylbutan-1-ol, 2‑Ethylbutan-1-ol, and 4‑Methylpentan-2-ol at 298.15 and 308.15 K

The liquid–liquid equilibria of ternary systems composed of water, butane-2,3-diol, and alcohols such as 2-methylbutan-1-ol, 2-ethylbutan-1-ol, and 4-methylpentan-2-ol were studied at two different temperatures (298.15 and 308.15 K). The experimental tie-line data were compared with the compositional data predicted by the NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The distribution ratio and separation factors were calculated to evaluate the extraction efficiencies. Among the three different branched-chain alcohols selected as extractants, 2-methylbutan-1-ol, which has the shortest chain and branch, provided the highest distribution ratios of 0.55–0.67. The root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) values were calculated for each ternary system, and the average RMSD value was 0.0058, which assures good reliability

Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for the Ternary Systems of 4‑Methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one + 1,4-Dimethylbenzene + Octane, Decane, or Dodecane and the Ternary Systems of Acetonitrile + Morpholine + Octane, Decane, or Dodecane at 313.15 K or 298.15 K

The phase behavior of a temperature-dependent multicomponent system was investigated for ternary systems comprising a polar aprotic solvent, a solubility mediator, and aliphatic hydrocarbons such as octane, decane, or dodecane. The experimental tie-line composition and binodal composition were obtained for the ternary system of 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one + 1,4-dimethylbenzene + octane, decane, or dodecane and the ternary system of acetonitrile + morpholine + octane, decane, or dodecane at two different temperatures, 298.15 K and 313.15 K. The distribution ratios of 1,4-dimethylbenzene and morpholine were determined, and the experimental tie-line results were adequately correlated using the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) activity coefficient model by utilizing the obtained binary interaction parameter

Liquid–Liquid Equilibria for the Ternary Systems of FC3283 + HFE7300 + Hexane, FC3283 + HFE7500 + Octane, and FC72 + HFE7100 + (Acetonitrile or Ethyl Acetate) at 273.15 K, 298.15 K, and 313.15 K

The temperature-induced phase behavior of a ternary system consisting of two fluorinated solvents and an organic solvent was studied. The solubility data and liquid–liquid equilibrium data for the following ternary systems were examined: (FC3283 + HFE7300 + hexane) at 273.15 K and 298.15 K, (FC3283 + HFE7500 + octane) at 298.15 K and 313.15 K, (FC72 + HFE7100 + acetonitrile) at 273.15 K and 298.15 K, and (FC72 + HFE7100 + ethyl acetate) at 273.15 K and 298.15 K. In addition, the experimental tie line data for eight ternary systems were correlated using the NRTL and UNIQUAC models, and the corresponding binary interaction parameters were determined

Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Trifluoroethylation of Aryl Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids

A trifluoroethylation of alkynes through a palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative coupling reaction was developed. When alkynyl carboxylic acids and ICH₂CF₃ were allowed to react with [Pd­(η³-allyl)­Cl]₂/XantPhos and Cs₂CO₃ in <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethylformamide (DMF) at 80 °C for 1 h, the desired products were formed in good yields. This catalytic system showed high functional group tolerance

Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids with Aryl Tosylates

Decarboxylative coupling reactions of alkynyl carboxylic acids with aryl tosylates were developed in the presence of a palladium catalyst. Among the commercially available phosphine ligands, only 1-dicyclohexylphosphino-2-(di-<i>tert</i>–butylphosphino-ethyl)­ferrocene (CyPF-<i>t</i>Bu) showed good reactivity. The reaction took place smoothly and gave the decarboxylative coupled products in moderate to good yields. This demonstrates the excellent functional group tolerance toward alkyl, alkoxy, fluoro, thiophenyl, ester, and ketone groups. In addition, alkyl-substituted propiolic acids, such as octynoic and hexynoic acids, were coupled with phenyl tosylate to provide the desired products. We found that the electronic properties of the substituents on the phenyl ring in arylpropiolic acids are an important factor. The order of reactivity was found to be aryl iodide > aryl bromide > aryl tosylate > aryl chloride. However, aryl chloride-bearing electron-withdrawing groups showed higher reactivity than those bearing aryl tosylates

Influence of Cation Substitutions Based on ABO₃ Perovskite Materials, Sr_1–<i>x</i>Y_<i>x</i>Ti_1–<i>y</i>Ru_<i>y</i>O_3−δ, on Ammonia Dehydrogenation

In order to screen potential catalytic materials for synthesis and decomposition of ammonia, a series of ABO₃ perovskite materials, Sr_1–<i>x</i>Y_<i>x</i>Ti_1–<i>y</i>Ru_<i>y</i>O_3−δ (<i>x</i> = 0, 0.08, and 0.16; <i>y</i> = 0, 0.04, 0.07, 0.12, 0.17, and 0.26) were synthesized and tested for ammonia dehydrogenation. The influence of A or B site substitution on the catalytic ammonia dehydrogenation activity was determined by varying the quantity of either A or B site cation, producing <b>Sr</b>_{<b>1</b>–<b><i>x</i></b>}<b>Y</b>_{<b><i>x</i></b>}Ti_0.92Ru_0.08O_3−δ and Sr_0.92Y_0.08<b>Ti</b>_{<b>1</b>–<i><b>y</b></i>}<b>Ru</b>_{<b><i>y</i></b>}O_3−δ, respectively. Characterizations of the as-synthesized materials using different analytical techniques indicated that a new perovskite phase of SrRuO₃ was produced upon addition of large amounts of Ru (≥12 mol %), and the surface Ru⁰ species were formed simultaneously to ultimately yield <b>Ru</b>_{<b><i>z</i></b>}(surface)/Sr_0.92Y_0.08<b>Ti</b>_{<b>1</b>–<b><i>y</i></b>}<b>Ru</b>_{<i><b>y</b></i>–<b><i>z</i></b>}O_3−δ and/or <b>Ru</b>_{<b><i>z</i></b>–<b><i>w</i></b>}(surface)/Sr_<i>w</i>Ru_<i>w</i>O₃/Sr_{0.92–<i>w</i>}Y_0.08<b>Ti</b>_{<b>1</b>–<b><i>y</i></b>}<b>Ru</b>_{<b><i>y</i></b>–<b><i>z</i></b>}O_3−δ. The newly generated surface Ru⁰ species at the perovskite surfaces accelerated ammonia dehydrogenation under different conditions, and Sr_0.84Y_0.16Ti_0.92Ru_0.08O_3−δ exhibited a NH₃ conversion of ca. 96% at 500 °C with a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 10 000 mL g_cat^–1 h^–1. In addition, Sr_0.84Y_0.16Ti_0.92Ru_0.08O_3−δ further proved to be highly active and stable toward ammonia decomposition at different reaction temperatures and GHSVs for >275 h