Diffuse Neuroendocrine System: Structural and Functional Effects of Radiation Injury to Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation (APUD) Cells

The paper presents a review of the results obtained by the authors on the study of external (gamma) and internal (I-131) radiation effects on the functional morphology and linkage of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) and amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) cells of the stomach and duodenum. The investigations performed enabled us to determine that the morphological changes noted in APUD cells had a dose and time dependency. The present study supports the point of view that the radiation initiates serotonin release from APUD cells, which appears to initiate the mechanism of early postirradiation dysfunctions of the gastrointestinal tract and the subsequent adaptive response of DNES. Analysis of our results, together with a review of the literature, indicates that APUD cells actively participate both in pathogenesis of radiation injury and development of organ and tissue radiosensitivity

Sirtuins: role in the regulation of oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases

Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a family of histone deacetylases which epigenetically regulate major cell functions. This review analyzes the role of SIRTs in controlling oxidation-reduction reactions in cells in stress. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the causes of the development of neurodegenerative pathologies-Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s diseas

Sirtuins expression in the hippocampus and buccal epithelium of elderly and senile individuals with Alzheimer’s disease

Sirtuins (SIRT) are a class of NAD-dependent proteins with deacetylase activity that are involved in the regulation of transcription, metabolic pathways, and cell aging via the deacetylation of histone and nonhistone targets. It was hypothesized that sirtuins play important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s diseas

Influence of AEDG and KE peptides on mitochondrial staining and the expression of ribosomal protein l7a with aging of the human pineal gland and thymus cell In vitro

New molecular targets for the geroprotective activity of AEDG (epitalon) and KE (vilon) peptides were verified via confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was shown that the aging of pineal and thymic cells in vitro led to a decrease in the staining of MitoTracker Red mitochondria and that there is a compensatory increase in the synthesis of L7A ribosomal protei

Maternal Melatonin Deficiency Leads to Endocrine Pathologies in Children in Early Ontogenesis

The review summarizes the results of experimental and clinical studies aimed at elucidating the causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of endocrine pathology in children. The modern data on the role of epigenetic influences in the early ontogenesis of unfavorable factors that violate the patterns of the formation of regulatory mechanisms during periods of critical development of fetal organs and systems and contribute to the delayed development of pathological conditions are considered. The mechanisms of the participation of melatonin in the regulation of metabolic processes and the key role of maternal melatonin in the formation of the circadian system of regulation in the fetus and in the protection of the genetic program of its morphofunctional development during pregnancy complications are presented. Melatonin, by controlling DNA methylation and histone modification, prevents changes in gene expression that are directly related to the programming of endocrine pathology in offspring. Deficiency and absence of the circadian rhythm of maternal melatonin underlies violations of the genetic program for the development of hormonal and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of the functional systems of the child, which determines the programming and implementation of endocrine pathology in early ontogenesis, contributing to its development in later life. The significance of this factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms of endocrine disorders determines a new approach to risk assessment and timely prevention of offspring diseases even at the stage of family planning